Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity–Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

Horne, Keith; Rosa, G. De; Peterson, B. M.; Barth, A. J.; Ely, J.; Fausnaugh, M. M.; Kriss, G. A.; Pei, L.; Bentz, M. C.; Cackett, E. M.; Edelson, R.; Eracleous, M.; Goad, M. R.; Grier, C. J.; Kaastra, J.; Kochanek, C. S.; Krongold, Y.; Mathur, S.; Netzer, H.; Proga, D.; Tejos, N.; Vestergaard, M.; Villforth, C.; Adams, S. M.; Anderson, M. D.; Arévalo, P.; Beatty, T G.; Bennert, V. N.; Bigley, A.; Bisogni, S.; Borman, G. A.; Boroson, T. A.; Bottorff, M. C.; Brandt, W. N.; Breeveld, A. A.; Brotherton, M.; Brown, J. E.; Brown, J. S.; Canalizo, G.; Carini, M. T.; Clubb, K. I.; Comerford, J. M.; Corsini, E. M.; Crenshaw, D. M.; Croft, S.; Croxall, K. V.; Bontà, E. Dalla; Deason, A. J.; Dehghanian, M.; De Lorenzo-Cáceres, A.; Denney, K. D.; Dietrich, M.; Done, C.; Efimova, N. V.; Evans, P. A.; Ferland, G. J.; Filippenko, A. V.; Flatland, K.; Fox, O. D.; Gardner, E.; Gates, E. L.; Gehrels, N.; Geier, S.; Gelbord, J. M.; Gonzalez, L.; Gorjian, V.; Greene, J. E.; Grupe, D.; Gupta, A.; Hall, P. B.; Henderson, C. B.; Hicks, S.; Holmbeck, E.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Hutchison, T.; Im, M.; Jensen, J. J.; Johnson, C. A.; Joner, M. D.; Jones, J.; Kaspi, S.; Kelly, P. L.; Kennea, J. A.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, S. C.; King, A.; Klimanov, S. A.; Korista, K. T.; Lau, M. W.; Lee, J. C.; Leonard, D. C.; Li, Miao; Lira, P.; Lochhaas, C.; Ma, Zhiyuan; MacInnis, F.; Malkan, M. A.; Manne-Nicholas, E. R.; Mauerhan, J. C.; McGurk, R.; McHardy, I. M.; Montuori, C.; Morelli, L.; Mosquera, A.; Mudd, D.; Müller–Sánchez, F.; Nazarov, S. V.; Norris, R. P.; Nousek, J. A.; Nguyen, M. L.; Ochner, P.; Okhmat, D. N.; Pancoast, A.; Papadakis, I.; Parks, J. R.; Penny, M. T.; Pizzella, A.; Pogge, R. W.; Poleski, R.; Pott, J.-U.; Rafter, S. E.; Rix, H.-W.; Runnoe, J.; Saylor, D. A.; Schimoia, J. S.; Schnülle, K.; Scott, B.; Sergeev, S. G.; Shappee, B. J.; Shivvers, I.; Siegel, M.; Simonian, G. V.; Siviero, A.; Skielboe, A.; Somers, G.; Spencer, M.; Starkey, D.; Stevens, D. J.; Sung, H.-I.; Tayar, J.; Treu, T.; Turner, C. S.; Uttley, P.; Van Saders, J.; Vican, L.; Villanueva, S.; Weiss, Y.; Woo, J.-H.; Yan, H.; Young, S.; Yuk, H.; Zheng, W.; Zhu, W.; Zu, Y.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abce60

Published February 1, 2021 | Version Submitted + Published

Journal Article Open

Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity–Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

1. University of St Andrews
2. Space Telescope Science Institute
3. The Ohio State University
4. University of California, Irvine
5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
6. Georgia State University
7. Wayne State University
8. University of Maryland, College Park
9. Pennsylvania State University
10. University of Leicester
11. University of Arizona
12. Netherlands Institute for Space Research
13. Leiden University
14. National Autonomous University of Mexico
15. Tel Aviv University
16. Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso
17. University of Copenhagen
18. University of Bath
19. California Institute of Technology
20. University of Valparaíso
21. California Polytechnic State University
22. University of California, Berkeley
23. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano
24. Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
25. Southwestern University
26. University College London
27. University of Wyoming
28. University of Missouri
29. University of California, Santa Cruz
30. University of California, Riverside
31. Western Kentucky University
32. University of Colorado Boulder
33. University of Padua
34. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
35. Durham University
36. University of Kentucky
37. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
38. Worcester State University
39. Pulkovo Observatory
40. San Diego State University
41. University of Reading
42. University of La Laguna
43. Spectral Sciences (United States)
44. Eureka Scientific
45. Jet Propulsion Lab
46. Princeton University
47. Morehead State University
48. York University
49. Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
50. University of California, Los Angeles
51. Carnegie Observatories
52. Texas A&M University
53. Seoul National University
54. Brigham Young University
55. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
56. University of Minnesota
57. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
58. Kyungpook National University
59. University of Surrey
60. University of Melbourne
61. Western Michigan University
62. Columbia University
63. University of Chile
64. University of Massachusetts Amherst
65. University of Southampton
66. University of Insubria
67. University of Atacama
68. United States Naval Academy
69. University of Memphis
70. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
71. University of Crete
72. Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas
73. Louisiana State University
74. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
75. University of Haifa
76. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
77. Vanderbilt University
78. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia
79. University of Hawaii at Manoa
80. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
81. University of Amsterdam
82. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

In this contribution, we achieve the primary goal of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) STORM campaign by recovering velocity–delay maps for the prominent broad emission lines (Lyα, C IV, He II, and Hβ) in the spectrum of NGC 5548. These are the most detailed velocity–delay maps ever obtained for an AGN, providing unprecedented information on the geometry, ionization structure, and kinematics of the broad-line region. Virial envelopes enclosing the emission-line responses show that the reverberating gas is bound to the black hole. A stratified ionization structure is evident. The He II response inside 5–10 lt-day has a broad single-peaked velocity profile. The Lyα, C IV, and Hβ responses extend from inside 2 to outside 20 lt-day, with double peaks at ±2500 km s⁻¹ in the 10–20 lt-day delay range. An incomplete ellipse in the velocity–delay plane is evident in Hβ. We interpret the maps in terms of a Keplerian disk with a well-defined outer rim at R = 20 lt-day. The far-side response is weaker than that from the near side. The line-center delay τ = (R/c)(1-sin i) ≈ 5 days gives the inclination i ≈ 45°. The inferred black hole mass is M_(BH) ≈ 7 × 10⁷ M_⊙. In addition to reverberations, the fit residuals confirm that emission-line fluxes are depressed during the "BLR Holiday" identified in previous work. Moreover, a helical "Barber-Pole" pattern, with stripes moving from red to blue across the C IV and Lyα line profiles, suggests azimuthal structure rotating with a 2 yr period that may represent precession or orbital motion of inner-disk structures casting shadows on the emission-line region farther out.

Additional Information

© 2021 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2020 September 20; revised 2020 November 12; accepted 2020 November 25; published 2021 February 1. Support for HST program No. GO-13330 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. K.H. acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/R000824/1. G.D.R., B.M.P., M.M.F, C.J.G., and R.W.P. are grateful for the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant AST-1008882 to The Ohio State University. Research at UC Irvine has been supported by NSF grants AST-1412693 and AST-1907290. M.C. Bentz gratefully acknowledges support through NSF CAREER grant AST-1253702 to Georgia State University. V.N.B. gratefully acknowledges assistance from National Science Foundation (NSF) Research at Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) grant AST-1909297. S.B. is supported by NASA through Chandra award AR7-18013X issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of NASA under contract NAS8-03060. S.B. was also partially supported by grant HST-AR-13240.009. M.C. Bottorff acknowledges HHMI for support through an undergraduate science education grant to Southwestern University. E.M.C., E.D.B., L.M., and A.P. acknowledge support from Padua University through grants DOR1699945/16, DOR1715817/17, DOR1885254/18, and BIRD164402/16. G.F. and M. Dehghanian acknowledge support from the NSF (AST-1816537), NASA (ATP 17-0141), and STScI (HST-AR-13914, HST-AR-15018), and the Huffaker Scholarship. K.D.D. is supported by an NSF Fellowship awarded under grant AST-1302093. R.E. gratefully acknowledges support from NASA under ADAP award 80NSSC17K0126. P.A.E. acknowledges UKSA support. Support for A.V.F.'s group at UC Berkeley is provided by NSF grant AST-1211916, the TABASGO Foundation, the Christopher R. Redlich Fund, and the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science. J.M.G. gratefully acknowledges support from NASA under awards NNX15AH49G and 80NSSC17K0126. P.B.H. is supported by NSERC. M.I. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, No. 2020R1A2C3011091. M.D.J. acknowledges NSF grant AST-0618209. M.K. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2017R1C1B2002879). SRON is financially supported by NWO, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. C.S.K. is supported by NSF grants AST-1515876 and AST-1814440. Y.K. acknowledges support from DGAPA-PAIIPIT grant IN106518. D.C.L. acknowledges support from NSF grants AST-1009571 and AST-1210311. P.L. acknowledges support from Fondecyt grant 1120328. A.P. is supported by NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship grant No. PF5-160141 awarded by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for NASA under contract NAS8-03060. J.S.S. acknowledges CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brazil) for partial support and The Ohio State University for warm hospitality. T.T. has been supported by NSF grant AST-1412315. T.T. and B.C.K. acknowledge support from the Packard Foundation in the form of a Packard Research Fellowship to T.T. The American Academy in Rome and the Observatory of Monteporzio Catone are thanked by T.T. for kind hospitality. M.V. gratefully acknowledges support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark via grant Nos. DFF 4002-00275 and 8021-00130. J.-H.W. acknowledges support by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (No. 2010-0027910). This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Research at Lick Observatory is partially supported by a generous gift from Google.

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Eprint ID: 107838
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Describes: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01448 (URL)

NASA
GO-13330
NASA
NAS5-26555
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
ST/R000824/1
NSF
AST-1008882
NSF
AST-1412693
NSF
AST-1907290
NSF
AST-1253702
NSF
AST-1909297
NASA
AR7-18013X
NASA
NAS8-03060
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-AR-13240.009
Southwestern University
Padua University
DOR1699945/16
Padua University
DOR1715817/17
Padua University
DOR1885254/18
Padua University
BIRD164402/16
NSF
AST-1816537
NASA
ATP 17-0141
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-AR-13914
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-AR-15018
Huffaker Scholarship
NSF
AST-1302093
NASA
80NSSC17K0126
United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA)
NSF
AST-1211916
TABASGO Foundation
Christopher R. Redlich Fund
Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science
NASA
NNX15AH49G
NASA
80NSSC17K0126
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
National Research Foundation of Korea
2020R1A2C3011091
NSF
AST-0618209
National Research Foundation of Korea
2017R1C1B2002879
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
NSF
AST-1515876
NSF
AST-1814440
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA)
IN106518
NSF
AST-1009571
NSF
AST-1210311
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT)
1120328
NASA Einstein Fellowship
PF5-160141
NASA
NAS8-03060
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
NSF
AST-1412315
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Danish Council for Independent Research
DFF 4002-00275
Danish Council for Independent Research
DFF 8021-00130
National Research Foundation of Korea
2010-0027910
NASA/JPL/Caltech
Google

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Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity–Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

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Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity–Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

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