CaltechAUTHORS
Published June 1, 2018 | Version Published + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

The Emission and Distribution of Dust of the Torus of NGC 1068

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Ames Research Center
  • 2. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  • 3. ROR icon The University of Texas at San Antonio
  • 4. ROR icon Centro de Astrobiología
  • 5. ROR icon European University Cyprus
  • 6. ROR icon Columbia University
  • 7. ROR icon Space Telescope Science Institute
  • 8. ROR icon Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
  • 9. ROR icon University of La Laguna
  • 10. ROR icon Goddard Space Flight Center
  • 11. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 12. ROR icon Northwestern University
  • 13. ROR icon Johns Hopkins University
  • 14. ROR icon Cornell University

Abstract

We present observations of NGC 1068 covering the 19.7–53.0 μm wavelength range using FORCAST and HAWC+ on board SOFIA. Using these observations, high-angular-resolution infrared (IR) and submillimeter observations, we find an observational turnover of the torus emission in the 30–40 μm wavelength range with a characteristic temperature of 70–100 K. This component is clearly different from the diffuse extended emission in the narrow line and star formation regions at 10–100 μm within the central 700 pc. We compute 2.2–432 μm 2D images using the best inferred CLUMPY torus model based on several nuclear spectral energy distribution (SED) coverages. We find that when 1–20 μm SED is used, the inferred result gives a small torus size (<4 pc radius) and a steep radial dust distribution. The computed torus using the 1–432 μm SED provides comparable torus sizes, 5.1^(+0.4)_(-0.4) pc radius, and morphology to the recently resolved 432 μm Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations. This result indicates that the 1–20 μm wavelength range is not able to probe the full extent of the torus. The characterization of the turnover emission of the torus using the 30–60 μm wavelength range is sensitive to the detection of cold dust in the torus. The morphology of the dust emission in our 2D image at 432 μm is spatially coincident with the cloud distribution, while the morphology of the emission in the 1–20 μm wavelength range shows an elongated morphology perpendicular to the cloud distribution. We find that our 2D CLUMPY torus image at 12 μm can produce comparable results to those observed using IR interferometry.

Additional Information

© 2018 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2017 November 27; revised 2018 March 20; accepted 2018 April 9; published 2018 May 29. Based on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA is jointly operated by the Universities Space Research Association, Inc. (USRA), under NASA contract NAS2-97001, and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract 50 OK 0901 to the University of Stuttgart. Financial support for this work was provided by NASA through awards #02_0035 and #04_0048 issued by USRA. E.L.-R. acknowledges support from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through award PE17783 and the National Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) at Mitaka and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Office at NAOJ-Mitaka for providing a space to work and great collaborations during the short stay at Japan. A.A.-H. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grant AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P, which is party funded by the FEDER program. C.R.A. acknowledges the Ramón y Cajal Program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project RYC-2014-15779 and the Spanish Plan Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofisíca under grant AYA2016-76682-C3-2-P. Facilities: SOFIA(FORCAST - , HAWC+) - . Software: astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013).

Attached Files

Published - Lopez-Rodriguez_2018_ApJ_859_99.pdf

Accepted Version - 1804.04134.pdf

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Additional details

Identifiers

Eprint ID
86653
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20180529-095610998

Related works

Describes
https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04134 (URL)

Funding

NASA
NAS2-97001
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
50 OK 0901
NASA
02_0035
NASA
04_0048
Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
PE17783
National Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO)
AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO)
RYC-2014-15779
Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO)
AYA2016-76682-C3-2-P

Dates

Created
2018-05-29
Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated
2021-11-15
Created from EPrint's last_modified field