Thermal and kinematic properties of ejecta in SN1987A revealed by XRISM

XRISM Collaboration; Audard, Marc; Awaki, Hisamitsu; Ballhausen, Ralf; Bamba, Aya; Behar, Ehud; Boissay-Malaquin, Rozenn; Brenneman, Laura; Brown, Gregory V; Corrales, Lia; Costantini, Elisa; Cumbee, Renata; Díaz Trigo, María; Done, Chris; Dotani, Tadayasu; Ebisawa, Ken; Eckart, Megan E; Eckert, Dominique; Enoto, Teruaki; Eguchi, Satoshi; Ezoe, Yuichiro; Foster, Adam; Fujimoto, Ryuichi; Fujita, Yutaka; Fukazawa, Yasushi; Fukushima, Kotaro; Furuzawa, Akihiro; Gallo, Luigi; García, Javier A; Gu, Liyi; Guainazzi, Matteo; Giuffrida, Roberta; Hagino, Kouichi; Hamaguchi, Kenji; Hatsukade, Isamu; Hayashi, Katsuhiro; Hayashi, Takayuki; Hell, Natalie; Hodges-Kluck, Edmund; Hornschemeier, Ann; Ichinohe, Yuto; Ishi, Daiki; Ishida, Manabu; Ishikawa, Kumi; Ishisaki, Yoshitaka; Kaastra, Jelle; Kallman, Timothy; Kara, Erin; Katsuda, Satoru; Kanemaru, Yoshiaki; Kelley, Richard; Kikuchi, Ryunosuke; Kilbourne, Caroline; Kitamoto, Shunji; Kobayashi, Shogo; Kohmura, Takayoshi; Kubota, Aya; Leutenegger, Maurice; Loewenstein, Michael; Maeda, Yoshitomo; Markevitch, Maxim; Matsumoto, Hironori; Matsushima, Tsukasa; Matsushita, Kyoko; McCammon, Dan; McNamara, Brian; Mernier, François; Miller, Eric D; Miller, Jon M; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Mizumoto, Misaki; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Mori, Koji; Mukai, Koji; Murakami, Hiroshi; Mushotzky, Richard; Nakajima, Hiroshi; Nakazawa, Kazuhiro; Ness, Jan-Uwe; Nobukawa, Kumiko; Nobukawa, Masayoshi; Noda, Hirofumi; Odaka, Hirokazu; Ogawa, Shoji; Ogorzalek, Anna; Okajima, Takashi; Ota, Naomi; Paltani, Stephane; Petre, Robert; Plucinsky, Paul; Porter, Frederick Scott; Pottschmidt, Katja; Sato, Kosuke; Sato, Toshiki; Sawada, Makoto; Seta, Hiromi; Shidatsu, Megumi; Shimoda, Jiro; Simionescu, Aurora; Smith, Randall; Suzuki, Hiromasa; Szymkowiak, Andrew; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Takeo, Mai; Tamagawa, Toru; Tamura, Keisuke; Tanaka, Takaaki; Tanimoto, Atsushi; Tashiro, Makoto; Terada, Yukikatsu; Terashima, Yuichi; Tsuboi, Yohko; Tsujimoto, Masahiro; Tsunemi, Hiroshi; Tsuru, Takeshi G; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Uchida, Nagomi; Uchida, Yuusuke; Uchiyama, Hideki; Ueda, Shutaro; Ueda, Yoshihiro; Uno, Shinichiro; Vink, Jacco; Watanabe, Shin; Williams, Brian J; Yamada, Satoshi; Yamada, Shinya; Yamaguchi, Hiroya; Yamaoka, Kazutaka; Yamasaki, Noriko; Yamauchi, Makoto; Yamauchi, Shigeo; Yaqoob, Tahir; Yoneyama, Tomokage; Yoshida, Tessei; Yukita, Mihoko; Zhuravleva, Irina; Miceli, Marco; Sapienza, Vincenzo

doi:10.1093/pasj/psaf056

Published September 2025 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Thermal and kinematic properties of ejecta in SN1987A revealed by XRISM

1. University of Geneva
2. Ehime University
3. University of Maryland, College Park
4. Goddard Space Flight Center
5. University of Tokyo
6. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
7. University of Maryland, Baltimore
8. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
9. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
10. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
11. Netherlands Institute for Space Research
12. European Southern Observatory
13. Durham University
14. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
15. Kyoto University
16. Kumamoto Gakuen University
17. Tokyo Metropolitan University
18. Hiroshima University
19. Fujita Health University
20. Saint Mary's University
21. California Institute of Technology
22. European Space Research and Technology Centre
23. University of Paris
24. University of Miyazaki
25. RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
26. Leiden University
27. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
28. Saitama University
29. Rikkyo University
30. Tokyo University of Science
31. Shibaura Institute of Technology
32. Osaka University
33. University of Wisconsin–Madison
34. University of Waterloo
35. Nagoya University
36. University of Teacher Education Fukuoka
37. Tohoku Gakuin University
38. Kanto Gakuin University
39. European Space Astronomy Centre
40. Kindai University
41. Nara University of Education
42. Tohoku University
43. Nara Women's University
44. Kyoto Sangyo University
45. Meiji University
46. Yale University
47. University of Toyama
48. Konan University
49. Kagoshima University
50. Chuo University
51. Shizuoka University
52. Kanazawa University
53. Nihon Fukushi University
54. University of Amsterdam
55. Johns Hopkins University
56. University of Chicago
57. University of Palermo
58. Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo

We present an analysis of high-resolution spectra from the shock-heated plasmas in SN 1987A, based on an observation using the Resolve instrument onboard the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM). The 1.7–10 keV Resolve spectra are accurately represented by a single-component, plane-parallel shock plasma model, with a temperature of 2.84_(-0.08)^(+0.09) keV and an ionization parameter of 2.64_(-0.45)^(+0.58) × 10¹¹ s cm⁻³, The Resolve spectra are also well reproduced by the 3D magneto-hydrodynamic simulation presented by Orlando et al. (2020, A&A, 636, A22) suggesting substantial contribution from the ejecta. The metal abundances obtained with Resolve align with the Large Magellanic Cloud value, indicating that the X-rays in 2024 originate from "non-metal-rich" shock-heated ejecta and the reverse shock has not reached the inner metal-rich region of ejecta. Doppler widths of the atomic lines from Si, S, and Fe correspond to velocities of 1500–1700 km s⁻¹, where the thermal broadening effects in this non-metal-rich plasma are negligible. Therefore, the line broadening seen in Resolve spectra is determined by the large bulk motion of ejecta. For reference, we determined a 90% upper limit on non-thermal emission from a pulsar wind nebula at 4.3 x 10⁻¹³ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹ in the 2–10 keV range, aligning with NuSTAR findings by Greco et al. (2022, ApJ, 931, 132). Additionally, we searched for the ⁴⁴Sc K line feature and found a 1σ upper limit of 1.0 x 10⁻⁶ photons cm⁻² s⁻¹, which translates to an initial ⁴⁴Ti mass of approximately 2 x 10⁻⁴ M⊙, consistent with previous X-ray to soft gamma-ray observations (Boggs et al. 2015, Science, 348, 670; Grebenev et al. 2012, Nature, 490, 373; Leising 2006, ApJ, 651, 1019).

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank all members of the XRISM team, especially for their continuous efforts to operate the spacecraft and maintain instruments onboard. This work was supported by the JSPS Core-to-Core Program (grant number: JPJSCCA20220002), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) Grant Numbers JP20K04009 (YT), JP23K20850 (KM), JP21H01095 (KM), JP23H01211 (AB), JP23K25907 (AB), JP24K17105 (YK), JP24K00677 (MN), JP21K03615 (MN), JP22H00158 (YF), JP22H01268 (YF), JP22K03624 (YF), JP23H04899 (YF), JP21K13963 (KH), JP24K00638 (KH), JP21K13958 (MM), JP24H00253 (HN), JP20K14491 (KN), JP23H00151 (KN), JP19K21884 (HN), JP20H01947 (HN), JP20KK0071 (HN), JP23K20239 (HN), JP24K00672 (HN), JP24K17104 (SO), JP24K17093 (HS), JP21H04493 (TGT), JP20H01946 (UY), JP23K13154 (SY), JP19K14762 (MS), JP23K03459 (MS), JP20H05857 (NU), JP23K03454 (RF), JP23K22548 (YM), and by NASA XRISM grant numbers 80NSSC23K1656 (PP), 80NSSC23K1656 (PP), 80NSSC20K0733 (EB), 80NSSC24K1148 (EB), 80NSSC24K1774 (EB), 80NSSC18K0978 (LC), 80NSSC20K0883 (LC), 80NSSC25K7064 (LC), 80NSSC20K0737 (EDM), 80NSSC24K0678 (EDM), 80NSSC18K1684 (IZ), and 80NNSC22K1922 (DM), and by the NWO grant number 184.034.002 (JV). The material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002 (AO, KP, KH, TH, FM, RB, ML, KM). P.P. acknowledges support from NASA CXC contract number NAS8-03060 (PP). M.M. acknowledges support from Yamada Science Foundation. L.C. acknowledges support from NSF award 2205918. C.D. acknowledges support from STFC through grant ST/T000244/1. L.G. acknowledges financial support from Canadian Space Agency grant 18XARMSTMA. M.S. acknowledges the support by the RIKEN Pioneering Project Evolution of Matter in the Universe (r-EMU) and Rikkyo University Special Fund for Research (Rikkyo SFR). A.T. acknowledges the support by the Kagoshima University postdoctoral research program (KU-DREAM). S.U. acknowledges support by the Program for Forming Japan's Peak Research Universities (J-PEAKS). S.Y. acknowledges support by the RIKEN SPDR Program. I.Z. acknowledges partial support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation through the Sloan Research Fellowship. Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The material is based on work supported by the Strategic Research Center of Saitama University. V.S. and M.M. acknowledge financial contributions from the PRIN MUR “Life, death and after-death of massive stars: reconstructing the path from the pre-supernova evolution to the supernova remnant” funded by the European Union - Next Generation EU. The authors appreciate the insightful comments and suggestions provided by the anonymous referee.

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Is new version of: Discussion Paper: arXiv:2505.07479 (arXiv)

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JPJSCCA20220002
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20K04009
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K20850
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP21H01095
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23H01211
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K25907
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K17105
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K00677
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP21K03615
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP22H00158
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP22H01268
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP22K03624
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23H04899
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP21K13963
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K00638
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP21K13958
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24H00253
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20K14491
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23H00151
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP19K21884
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20H01947
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20KK0071
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K20239
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K00672
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K17104
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP24K17093
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP21H04493
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20H01946
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K13154
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP19K14762
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K03459
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP20H05857
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K03454
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP23K22548
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC23K1656
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC23K1656
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC20K0733
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC24K1148
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC24K1774
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC18K0978
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC20K0883
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC25K7064
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC20K0737
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC24K0678
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC18K1684
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NNSC22K1922
Dutch Research Council
184.034.002
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80GSFC21M0002
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAS8-03060
Yamada Science Foundation
National Science Foundation
2205918
Science and Technology Facilities Council
ST/T000244/1
Canadian Space Agency
18XARMSTMA
Rikkyo University
Kagoshima University
RIKEN
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
United States Department of Energy
DE-AC52-07NA27344
Saitama University
Ministero dell'università e della ricerca
PRIN MUR -
European Union
Next Generation EU -

Submitted: 2025-04-01
Accepted: 2025-05-12
Available: 2025-08-18

Published online

Caltech groups: Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status: Published

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Thermal and kinematic properties of ejecta in SN1987A revealed by XRISM

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