Convergence of large-eddy simulation in the outer region of wall-bounded turbulence

Most turbulent flows cannot be calculated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations because the range of scales of motions is so large that the computational cost becomes prohibitive. In large-eddy simulation (LES), only the large eddies are resolved and the effect of the small scales on the larger ones is modeled through a subgrid scale (SGS) model. This process enables a reduction of the computational cost by several orders of magnitude.