Rates of Sea-Level Rise Are Highly Sensitive to Ice Viscosity Parameters in Model Benchmarks

Miigwech is the word for thanks in Ojibwe. We thank Benjamin Getraer and an anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful and constructive feedback, which have substantially improved the quality and clarity of this work. We also thank a wide range of colleagues for many fruitful discussions on this and other topics. Financial support for this study was provided through the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research and Advanced Scientific Computing Research programs, as a part of the ProSPect SciDAC Partnership. Work at Berkeley Lab was supported by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using NERSC award ASCR-ERCAPm1041. SBK was funded by DoE Grant C3710, Framework for Antarctic System Science in E3SM and by the DOMINOS project, a component of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC). Support from National Science Foundation (NSF: Grant 1738896) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC: Grant NE/S006605/1). Support for BMM was also provided through funding from the Grantham Foundation. MT and SLC were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council on the ISOTIPIC project (NERC Grant NE/Y503320/1). BM is a co-founder of Arête Glacier Initiative (areteglaciers.org), where he maintains an affiliation through his allowance for outside professional activities provided by Caltech (current affiliation) and MIT (past affiliation). Arête is a non-profit organization (currently a fiscally sponsored project of the 401(c) 3 Digital Harbor Foundation) founded in 2024 to provide funding for glaciological research focused on sea-level rise. No funding was provided by Arête for this work.