Gaia Early Data Release 3. The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

Gaia Collaboration; Klioner, S. A.; Lindegren, L.; Mignard, F.; Hernández, J.; Ramos-Lerate, M.; Bastian, U.; Biermann, M.; Bombrun, A.; de Torres, A.; Gerlach, E.; Geyer, R.; Hilger, T.; Hobbs, D.; Lammers, U. L.; McMillan, P. J.; Steidelmüller, H.; Teyssier, D.; Raiteri, C. M.; Bartolomé, S.; Bernet, M.; Castañeda, J.; Clotet, M.; Davidson, M.; Fabricius, C.; Garralda Torres, N.; González-Vidal, J. J.; Portell, J.; Rowell, N.; Torra, F.; Torra, J.; Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Creevey, O. L.; Ducourant, C.; Evans, D. W.; Eyer, L.; Guerra, R.; Hutton, A.; Jordi, C.; Luri, X.; Panem, C.; Pourbaix, D.; Randich, S.; Sartoretti, P.; Soubiran, C.; Tanga, P.; Walton, N. A.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Drimmel, R.; Jansen, F.; Katz, D.; Lattanzi, M. G.; van Leeuwen, F.; Bakker, J.; Cacciari, C.; De Angeli, F.; Fouesneau, M.; Frémat, Y.; Galluccio, L.; Guerrier, A.; Heiter, U.; Masana, E.; Messineo, R.; Mowlavi, N.; Nicolas, C.; Nienartowicz, K.; Pailler, F.; Panuzzo, P.; Riclet, F.; Roux, W.; Seabroke, G. M.; Sordo, R.; Thévenin, F.; Gracia-Abril, G.; Altmann, M.; Andrae, R.; Audard, M.; Bellas-Velidis, I.; Benson, K.; Berthier, J.; Blomme, R.; Burgess, P. W.; Busonero, D.; Busso, G.; Cánovas, H.; Carry, B.; Cellino, A.; Cheek, N.; Clementini, G.; Damerdji, Y.; de Teodoro, P.; Nuñez Campos, M.; Delchambre, L.; Dell'Oro, A.; Esquej, P.; Fernández-Hernández, J.; Fraile, E.; Garabato, D.; García-Lario, P.; Gosset, E.; Haigron, R.; Halbwachs, J.-L.; Hambly, N. C.; Harrison, D. L.; Hestroffer, D.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Holl, B.; Janßen, K.; Jevardat de Fombelle, G.; Jordan, S.; Krone-Martins, A.; Lanzafame, A. C.; Löffler, W.; Marchal, O.; Marrese, P. M.; Moitinho, A.; Muinonen, K.; Osborne, P.; Pancino, E.; Pauwels, T.; Recio-Blanco, A.; Reylé, C.; Riello, M.; Rimoldini, L.; Roegiers, T.; Rybizki, J.; Sarro, L. M.; Siopis, C.; Smith, M.; Sozzetti, A.; Utrilla, E.; van Leeuwen, M.; Abbas, U.; Ábrahám, P.; Abreu Aramburu, A.; Aerts, C.; Aguado, J. J.; Ajaj, M.; Aldea-Montero, F.; Altavilla, G.; Álvarez, M. A.; Alves, J.; Anderson, R. I.; Anglada Varela, E.; Antoja, T.; Baines, D.; Baker, S. G.; Balaguer-Núñez, L.; Balbinot, E.; Balog, Z.; Barache, C.; Barbato, D.; Barros, M.; Barstow, M. A.; Bassilana, J.-L.; Bauchet, N.; Becciani, U.; Bellazzini, M.; Berihuete, A.; Bertone, S.; Bianchi, L.; Binnenfeld, A.; Blanco-Cuaresma, S.; Boch, T.; Bossini, D.; Bouquillon, S.; Bragaglia, A.; Bramante, L.; Breedt, E.; Bressan, A.; Brouillet, N.; Brugaletta, E.; Bucciarelli, B.; Burlacu, A.; Butkevich, A. G.; Buzzi, R.; Caffau, E.; Cancelliere, R.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Carballo, R.; Carlucci, T.; Carnerero, M. I.; Carrasco, J. M.; Casamiquela, L.; Castellani, M.; Castro-Ginard, A.; Chaoul, L.; Charlot, P.; Chemin, L.; Chiaramida, V.; Chiavassa, A.; Chornay, N.; Comoretto, G.; Contursi, G.; Cooper, W. J.; Cornez, T.; Cowell, S.; Crifo, F.; Cropper, M.; Crosta, M.; Crowley, C.; Dafonte, C.; Dapergolas, A.; David, P.; de Laverny, P.; De Luise, F.; De March, R.; De Ridder, J.; de Souza, R.; del Peloso, E. F.; del Pozo, E.; Delbo, M.; Delgado, A.; Delisle, J.-B.; Demouchy, C.; Dharmawardena, T. E.; Diakite, S.; Diener, C.; Distefano, E.; Dolding, C.; Enke, H.; Fabre, C.; Fabrizio, M.; Faigler, S.; Fedorets, G.; Fernique, P.; Fienga, A.; Figueras, F.; Fournier, Y.; Fouron, C.; Fragkoudi, F.; Gai, M.; Garcia-Gutierrez, A.; Garcia-Reinaldos, M.; García-Torres, M.; Garofalo, A.; Gavel, A.; Gavras, P.; Giacobbe, P.; Gilmore, G.; Girona, S.; Giuffrida, G.; Gomel, R.; Gomez, A.; González-Núñez, J.; González-Santamaría, I.; Granvik, M.; Guillout, P.; Guiraud, J.; Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R.; Guy, L. P.; Hatzidimitriou, D.; Hauser, M.; Haywood, M.; Helmer, A.; Helmi, A.; Sarmiento, M. H.; Hidalgo, S. L.; Hładczuk, N.; Holland, G.; Huckle, H. E.; Jardine, K.; Jasniewicz, G.; Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A.; Jiménez-Arranz, Ó.; Juaristi Campillo, J.; Julbe, F.; Karbevska, L.; Kervella, P.; Khanna, S.; Kordopatis, G.; Korn, A. J.; Kóspál, Á.; Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.; Kruszyńska, K.; Kun, M.; Laizeau, P.; Lambert, S.; Lanza, A. F.; Lasne, Y.; Le Campion, J.-F.; Lebreton, Y.; Lebzelter, T.; Leccia, S.; Leclerc, N.; Lecoeur-Taibi, I.; Liao, S.; Licata, E. L.; Lindstrøm, H. E. P.; Lister, T. A.; Livanou, E.; Lobel, A.; Lorca, A.; Loup, C.; Madrero Pardo, P.; Magdaleno Romeo, A.; Managau, S.; Mann, R. G.; Manteiga, M.; Marchant, J. M.; Marconi, M.; Marcos, J.; Santos, M. M. S. Marcos; Marín Pina, D.; Marinoni, S.; Marocco, F.; Marshall, D. J.; Polo, L. Martin; Martín-Fleitas, J. M.; Marton, G.; Mary, N.; Masip, A.; Massari, D.; Mastrobuono-Battisti, A.; Mazeh, T.; Messina, S.; Michalik, D.; Millar, N. R.; Mints, A.; Molina, D.; Molinaro, R.; Molnár, L.; Monari, G.; Monguió, M.; Montegriffo, P.; Montero, A.; Mor, R.; Mora, A.; Morbidelli, R.; Morel, T.; Morris, D.; Muraveva, T.; Murphy, C. P.; Musella, I.; Nagy, Z.; Noval, L.; Ocaña, F.; Ogden, A.; Ordenovic, C.; Osinde, J. O.; Pagani, C.; Pagano, I.; Palaversa, L.; Palicio, P. A.; Pallas-Quintela, L.; Panahi, A.; Payne-Wardenaar, S.; Peñalosa Esteller, X.; Penttilä, A.; Pichon, B.; Piersimoni, A. M.; Pineau, F.-X.; Plachy, E.; Plum, G.; Poggio, E.; Prša, A.; Pulone, L.; Racero, E.; Ragaini, S.; Rainer, M.; Rambaux, N.; Ramos, P.; Re Fiorentin, P.; Regibo, S.; Richards, P. J.; Diaz, C. Rios; Ripepi, V.; Riva, A.; Rix, H.-W.; Rixon, G.; Robichon, N.; Robin, A. C.; Robin, C.; Roelens, M.; Rogues, H. R. O.; Rohrbasser, L.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Royer, F.; Ruz Mieres, D.; Rybicki, K. A.; Sadowski, G.; Sáez Núñez, A.; Sagristà Sellés, A.; Sahlmann, J.; Salguero, E.; Samaras, N.; Sanchez Gimenez, V.; Sanna, N.; Santoveña, R.; Sarasso, M.; Schultheis, M.; Sciacca, E.; Segol, M.; Segovia, J. C.; Ségransan, D.; Semeux, D.; Shahaf, S.; Siddiqui, H. I.; Siebert, A.; Siltala, L.; Silvelo, A.; Slezak, E.; Slezak, I.; Smart, R. L.; Snaith, O. N.; Solano, E.; Solitro, F.; Souami, D.; Souchay, J.; Spagna, A.; Spina, L.; Spoto, F.; Steele, I. A.; Stephenson, C. A.; Süveges, M.; Surdej, J.; Szabados, L.; Szegedi-Elek, E.; Taris, F.; Taylor, M. B.; Teixeira, R.; Tolomei, L.; Tonello, N.; Torralba Elipe, G.; Trabucchi, M.; Tsounis, A. T.; Turon, C.; Ulla, A.; Unger, N.; Vaillant, M. V.; van Dillen, E.; van Reeven, W.; Vanel, O.; Vecchiato, A.; Viala, Y.; Vicente, D.; Voutsinas, S.; Weiler, M.; Wevers, T.; Wyrzykowski, Ł.; Yoldas, A.; Yvard, P.; Zhao, H.; Zorec, J.; Zucker, S.; Zwitter, T.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243483

Published November 2022 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Gaia Early Data Release 3. The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

1. TU Dresden
2. Lund University
3. Lagrange Laboratory
4. European Space Astronomy Centre
5. Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
6. Heidelberg University
7. HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
8. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
9. University of Barcelona
10. University of Edinburgh
11. ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
12. Leiden University
13. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
14. European Space Research and Technology Centre
15. Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation
16. Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
17. Laboratory of Astrophysics of Bordeaux
18. University of Cambridge
19. University of Geneva
20. Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
21. Centre National d'Études Spatiales
22. Université Libre de Bruxelles
23. Fund for Scientific Research
24. Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
25. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
26. University of Turin
27. INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofísica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129, Bologna, Italy
28. Royal Observatory of Belgium
29. Uppsala University
30. ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche, 79, 10146, Torino, Italy
31. Sednai Sàrl, Geneva, Switzerland
32. University College London
33. SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
34. National Observatory of Athens
35. Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides
36. Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
37. University of Liège
38. Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique
39. RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
40. University of A Coruña
41. Observatory of Strasbourg
42. Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
43. University of Lisbon
44. University of California, Irvine
45. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
46. University of Catania
47. Astronomical Observatory of Rome
48. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
49. University of Helsinki
50. Finnish Geospatial Research Institute
51. Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté
52. National University of Distance Education
53. Konkoly Observatory
54. Eötvös Loránd University
55. KU Leuven
56. Radboud University Nijmegen
57. University of Vienna
58. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
59. University of Groningen
60. University of Leicester
61. Thales (France)
62. University of Cádiz
63. University of Maryland, Baltimore County
64. Goddard Space Flight Center
65. Eurix (Italy)
66. Tel Aviv University
67. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
68. University of Porto
69. University of Chile
70. International School for Advanced Studies
71. University of Cantabria
72. University of Antofagasta
73. DLR Gesellschaft für Raumfahrtanwendungen (GfR), mbH Münchener Straße 20, 82234, Weßling, Germany
74. University of Hertfordshire
75. Collurania Teramo Observatory
76. Universidade de São Paulo
77. Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
78. Queen's University Belfast
79. Centre de Données Astronomique de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
80. Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
81. Durham University
82. European Southern Observatory
83. Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
84. Pablo de Olavide University
85. Barcelona Supercomputing Center
86. Universidade de Vigo
87. Luleå University of Technology
88. Vera C Rubin Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
89. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
90. TRUMPF Photonic Components GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Straße 13, 89081, Ulm, Germany
91. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
92. University of La Laguna
93. Delft University of Technology
94. Radagast Solutions, Simon Vestdijkpad 24, 2321WD, Leiden, The Netherlands
95. Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
96. Université de Caen Normandie
97. Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics
98. Netherlands Institute for Space Research
99. University of Warsaw
100. Scalian for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
101. University of Rennes 1
102. Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
103. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
104. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
105. University of Copenhagen
106. Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
107. Liverpool John Moores University
108. Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
109. Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
110. Complutense University of Madrid
111. Rudjer Boskovic Institute
112. Villanova University
113. Brera Astronomical Observatory
114. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
115. Charles University
116. Weizmann Institute of Science
117. Princeton University
118. Centro de Astrobiología
119. University of Namur
120. CGI Deutschland B.V. & Co. KG, Mornewegstr. 30, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
121. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
122. University of Bristol
123. University of Padua
124. European Organization for Nuclear Research
125. Association of Universities For Research In Astronomy
126. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
127. Sorbonne University
128. University of Ljubljana

Context. Gaia-CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue.

Aims. We describe the construction of Gaia-CRF3 and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality.

Methods. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasi-stellar objects (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3).

Results. Gaia-CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13–21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 µas yr^–1 on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but it exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of Gaia-CRF in the next Gaia data releases. Appendices give further details on the external catalogues used, how to extract information about the Gaia-CRF3 sources, potential (Galactic) confusion sources, and the estimation of the spin and orientation of an astrometric solution.

Copyright and License

© Gaia Collaboration (Klioner, S. A., et al.) 2022. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia archive website is https://archives.esac.esa.int/gaia.

The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country:

the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish Academy of Sciences - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant VS.091.16N, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), and the Research Council of Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven through grant C16/18/005 (Pushing AsteRoseismology to the next level with TESS, GaiA, and the Sloan DIgital Sky SurvEy – PARADISE); the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Comité Français d’Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB); the Chilean Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) through Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Regular Project 1210992 (L. Chemin); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054, 11703065, and 12173069, the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai through grant 21ZR1474100; the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 ‘Mining the Variable Sky’, with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) through COST Action CA18104 ‘Revealing the Milky Way with Gaia (MW-Gaia)’; the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360, 647208, and 834148 and through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation and excellent science programmes through Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 745617 (Our Galaxy at full HD – Gal-HD) and 895174 (The build-up and fate of self-gravitating systems in the Universe) as well as grants 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids – CepBin), 716155 (Structured ACCREtion Disks – SACCRED), 951549 (Sub-percent calibration of the extra-galactic distance scale in the era of big surveys – UniverScale), and 101004214 (Innovative Scientific Data Exploration and Exploitation Applications for Space Sciences – EXPLORE); the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF); the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany, and through PROgramme de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grant 4000127986 for Slovenia; the Academy of Finland through grants 299543, 307157, 325805, 328654, 336546, and 345115 and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the French Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the ‘Investissements d’avenir’ programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project ‘Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era’ (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project ‘The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era’ (ARCHEOGAL), through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project ‘Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators’ (UnlockCepheids), through grant ANR-19-CE31-0017 for project ‘Secular evolution of galxies’ (SEGAL), and through grant ANR-18-CE31-0006 for project ‘Galactic Dark Matter’ (GaDaMa), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), its Programmes Nationaux: Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG), Gravitation Références Astronomie Métrologie (PNGRAM), Planétologie (PNP), Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI), and Physique Stellaire (PNPS), the ‘Action Fédératrice Gaia’ of the Observatoire de Paris, the Région de Franche-Comté, the Institut National Polytechnique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) co-funded by CNES; the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, 50QG1904, 50QG2101, 50QG2102, and 50QG2202, and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität Dresden for generous allocations of computer time; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the Lendület Programme grants LP2014-17 and LP2018-7 and the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grant KKP-137523 (‘SeismoLab’); the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser); the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology through grant 3-18143 and the Tel Aviv University Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science (TAD) through a grant; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2 to ΓNAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project ‘Mining The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology’ (MITiC); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/30/M/ST9/00311 and DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221 and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds, grants SFRH/BD/128840/2017 and PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, and work contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, the Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) through grant POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389 and its Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE2020) through grants UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, and the Strategic Programme UIDB/00099/2020 for the Centro de Astrof sica e Gravitação (CENTRA); the Slovenian Research Agency through grant P1-0188; the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICIN), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, and the Spanish Government through grants BES-2016-078499, BES-2017-083126, BES-C-2017-0085, ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80079-C2-2-R, FPU16/03827, PDC2021-121059-C22, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, and TIN2015-65316-P (‘Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII’), the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Programme (FJCI-2015-2671 and IJC2019-04862-I for F. Anders), the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme (SEV2015-0493), and MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (and the European Union through European Regional Development Fund ‘A way of making Europe’) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ‘Mar a de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona’s official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory through project AyA2017-84089, the Galician Regional Government, Xunta de Galicia, through grants ED431B-2021/36, ED481A-2019/155, and ED481A-2021/296, the Centro de Investigación en Tecnolog as de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), funded by the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund – Galicia 2014-2020 Programme), through grant ED431G-2019/01, the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2017-2-0002, AECT-2017-3-0006, AECT-2018-1-0017, AECT-2018-2-0013, AECT-2018-3-0011, AECT-2019-1-0010, AECT-2019-2-0014, AECT-2019-3-0003, AECT-2020-1-0004, and DATA-2020-1-0010, the Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project ‘Models de Programació i Entorns d’Execució Parallels’ (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-025968-I funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Science Foundation (‘Investing in your future’); the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires and the Swiss National Science Foundation through an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (award PCEFP2_194638 for R. Anderson); the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S000984/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S001980/1, ST/S002103/1, ST/V000969/1, ST/W002469/1, ST/W002493/1, ST/W002671/1, ST/W002809/1, and EP/V520342/1.

Further acknowledgments can be found at https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GEDR3/Miscellaneous/sec_acknowl/.

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Gaia Early Data Release 3. The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

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Gaia Early Data Release 3. The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

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