Published December 2024 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

Enhancing photometric redshift catalogs through color-space analysis: Application to KiDS-bright galaxies

  • 1. ROR icon Center for Theoretical Physics
  • 2. ROR icon Ruhr University Bochum
  • 3. ROR icon Utrecht University
  • 4. ROR icon University of Edinburgh
  • 5. ROR icon Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
  • 6. ROR icon University of Portsmouth
  • 7. ROR icon Leiden University
  • 8. ROR icon Donostia International Physics Center
  • 9. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 10. ROR icon Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

Abstract

Aims. We present a method for refining photometric redshift galaxy catalogs based on a comparison of their color-space matching with overlapping spectroscopic calibration data. We focus on cases where photometric redshifts (photo-z) are estimated empirically. Identifying galaxies that are poorly represented in spectroscopic data is crucial, as their photo-z may be unreliable due to extrapolation beyond the training sample.

Methods. Our approach uses a self-organizing map (SOM) to project a multidimensional parameter space of magnitudes and colors onto a 2D manifold, allowing us to analyze the resulting patterns as a function of various galaxy properties. Using SOM, we compared the Kilo-Degree Survey’s bright galaxy sample (KiDS-Bright), limited to r < 20 mag, with various spectroscopic samples, including the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA).

Results. Our analysis reveals that GAMA tends to underrepresent KiDS-Bright at its faintest (r ≳ 19.5) and highest-redshift (z ≳ 0.4) ranges; however, no strong trends are seen in terms of color or stellar mass. By incorporating additional spectroscopic data from the SDSS, 2dF, and early DESI, we identified SOM cells where the photo-z values are estimated suboptimally. We derived a set of SOM-based criteria to refine the photometric sample and improve photo-z statistics. For the KiDS-Bright sample, this improvement is modest, namely, it excludes the least represented 20% of the sample reduces photo-z scatter by less than 10%.

Conclusions. We conclude that GAMA, used for KiDS-Bright photo-z training, is sufficiently representative for reliable redshift estimation across most of the color space. Future spectroscopic data from surveys such as DESI should be better suited for exploiting the full improvement potential of our method.

Copyright and License

© The Authors 2024.

Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

We thank our anonymous referee for their positive feedback and useful comments. PJ and MB are supported by the Polish National Science Center through grant no. 2020/38/E/ST9/00395. MB and WAH are supported by the Polish National Science Center through grants no. 2018/30/E/ST9/00698, 2018/31/G/ST9/03388 and 2020/39/B/ST9/03494. AHW is supported by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), made possible by the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, and acknowledges funding from the German Science Foundation DFG, via the Collaborative Research Center SFB1491 “Cosmic Interacting Matters – From Source to Signal”. AD acknowledged support from ERC Consolidator Grant (No. 770935). This publication is part of the project “A rising tide: Galaxy intrinsic alignments as a new probe of cosmology and galaxy evolution” (with project number VI.Vidi.203.011) of the Talent programme Vidi which is (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). This work is also part of the Delta ITP consortium, a program of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) that is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). CH acknowledges support from the European Research Council under grant number 647112, from the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the framework of the Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award endowed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grant ST/V000594/1. HHi is supported by a DFG Heisenberg grant (Hi 1495/5-1), the DFG Collaborative Research Center SFB1491, as well as an ERC Consolidator Grant (No. 770935). KK acknowledges support from the Royal Society and Imperial College. CM acknowledges support under the grant number PID2021-128338NB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, and from the European Research Council under grant agreement No. 770935. SJN is supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant AST-2108402. JLvdB is supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant (No. 770935). ZY acknowledges support from the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the framework of the Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award endowed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany). MY acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 101053992). This work has made use of TOPCAT (Taylor 2005) software, as well as of PYTHON (www.python.org), including the packages NUMPY (van der Walt et al. 2011), SCIPY (Jones et al. 2001), ASTROPY (Astropy Collaboration 2022), PANDAS (McKinney 2010), SEABORN (Waskom 2021) and MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007). Author contributions. All authors contributed to the development and writing of this paper. The authorship list is given in two groups: the lead authors (PJ, MB, WAH, AHW), followed by an alphabetical group which includes those who have either made a significant contribution to the data products or to the scientific analysis.

Contributions

All authors contributed to the development and writing of this paper. The authorship list is given in two groups: the lead authors (PJ, MB, WAH, AHW), followed by an alphabetical group which includes those who have either made a significant contribution to the data products or to the scientific analysis.

Software References

This work has made use of TOPCAT (Taylor 2005) software, as well as of PYTHON (www.python.org), including the packages NUMPY (van der Walt et al. 2011), SCIPY (Jones et al. 2001), ASTROPY (Astropy Collaboration 2022), PANDAS (McKinney 2010), SEABORN (Waskom 2021) and MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007).

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2409.14799 (arXiv)

Funding

National Science Center
2020/38/E/ST9/00395
National Science Center
2018/30/E/ST9/00698
National Science Center
2018/31/G/ST9/03388
National Science Center
2020/39/B/ST9/03494
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
SFB1491
European Research Council
770935
Dutch Research Council
VI.Vidi.203.011
Ministry of Education Culture and Science
European Research Council
647112
Max Planck Society
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Science and Technology Facilities Council
ST/V000594/1
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Hi 1495/5-1
European Research Council
770935
Royal Society
Imperial College London
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
PID2021-128338NB-I00
National Science Foundation
AST-2108402
European Union
101053992

Dates

Accepted
2024-10-31
Accepted
Available
2024-12-16
Published online

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Publication Status
Published