Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

Abac, A. G.; Abouelfettouh, I.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adamcewicz, C.; Adhicary, S.; Adhikari, D.; Adhikari, N.; Adhikari, R. X.; Adkins, V. K.; Afroz, S.; Agapito, A.; Agarwal, D.; Agathos, M.; Aggarwal, N.; Aggarwal, S.; Aguiar, O. D.; Ahrend, I.-L.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Akutsu, T.; Albanesi, S.; Ali, W.; Al-Kershi, S.; Alléné, C.; Allocca, A.; Al-Shammari, S.; Altin, P. A.; Alvarez-Lopez, S.; Amar, W.; Amarasinghe, O.; Amato, A.; Amicucci, F.; Amra, C.; Ananyeva, A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Andia, M.; Ando, M.; Andrés-Carcasona, M.; Andrić, T.; Anglin, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antelis, J. M.; Antier, S.; Aoumi, M.; Appavuravther, E. Z.; Appert, S.; Apple, S. K.; Arai, K.; Araya, A.; Araya, M. C.; Sedda, M. Arca; Areeda, J. S.; Aritomi, N.; Armato, F.; Armstrong, S.; Arnaud, N.; Arogeti, M.; Aronson, S. M.; Arun, K. G.; Ashton, G.; Aso, Y.; Asprea, L.; Assiduo, M.; Melo, S. Assis de Souza; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Attadio, F.; Aubin, F.; AultONeal, K.; Avallone, G.; Avila, E. A.; Babak, S.; Badger, C.; Bae, S.; Bagnasco, S.; Baiotti, L.; Bajpai, R.; Baka, T.; Baker, A. M.; Baker, K. A.; Baker, T.; Baldi, G.; Baldicchi, N.; Ball, M.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Banagiri, S.; Banerjee, B.; Bankar, D.; Baptiste, T. M.; Baral, P.; Baratti, M.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barish, Barry C.; Barker, D.; Barman, N.; Barneo, P.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barta, D.; Bartoletti, A. M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Basalaev, A.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Bawaj, M.; Baxi, P.; Bayley, J. C.; Baylor, A. C.; Baynard, P. A.; Bazzan, M.; Bedakihale, V. M.; Beirnaert, F.; Bejger, M.; Belardinelli, D.; Bell, A. S.; Bellie, D. S.; Bellizzi, L.; Benoit, W.; Bentara, I.; Bentley, J. D.; Yaala, M. Ben; Bera, S.; Bergamin, F.; Berger, B. K.; Bernuzzi, S.; Beroiz, M.; Berry, C. P. L.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertheas, T.; Bertolini, A.; Betzwieser, J.; Beveridge, D.; Bevilacqua, G.; Bevins, N.; Bhagwat, S.; Bhandare, R.; Bhatt, R.; Bhattacharjee, D.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Bhaumik, S.; Biancalana, V.; Bianchi, A.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Binetti, A.; Bini, S.; Binu, C.; Biot, S.; Birnholtz, O.; Biscoveanu, S.; Bisht, A.; Bitossi, M.; Bizouard, M.-A.; Blaber, S.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blagg, L. A.; Blair, C. D.; Blair, D. G.; Bode, N.; Boettner, N.; Boileau, G.; Boldrini, M.; Bolingbroke, G. N.; Bolliand, A.; Bonavena, L. D.; Bondarescu, R.; Bondu, F.; Bonilla, E.; Bonilla, M. S.; Bonino, A.; Bonnand, R.; Borchers, A.; Borhanian, S.; Boschi, V.; Bose, S.; Bossilkov, V.; Bothra, Y.; Boudon, A.; Bourg, L.; Boyle, M.; Bozzi, A.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Branch, A.; Branchesi, M.; Braun, I.; Briant, T.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brockill, P.; Brockmueller, E.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, B. C.; Brown, D. D.; Brozzetti, M. L.; Brunett, S.; Bruno, G.; Bruntz, R.; Bryant, J.; Bu, Y.; Bucci, F.; Buchanan, J.; Bulashenko, O.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Burtnyk, K.; Buscicchio, R.; Buskulic, D.; Buy, C.; Byer, R. L.; Davies, G. S. Cabourn; Cabrita, R.; Cáceres-Barbosa, V.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Cahillane, C.; Calafat, A.; Callister, T. A.; Calloni, E.; Callos, S. R.; Santoro, G. Caneva; Cannon, K. C.; Cao, H.; Capistran, L. A.; Capocasa, E.; Capote, E.; Capurri, G.; Carapella, G.; Carbognani, F.; Carlassara, M.; Carlin, J. B.; Carlson, T. K.; Carney, M. F.; Carpinelli, M.; Carrillo, G.; Carter, J. J.; Carullo, G.; Casallas-Lagos, A.; Diaz, J. Casanueva; Casentini, C.; Castro-Lucas, S. Y.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalieri, R.; Ceja, A.; Cella, G.; Cerdá-Durán, P.; Cesarini, E.; Chabbra, N.; Chaibi, W.; Chakraborty, A.; Chakraborty, P.; Chakraborty, S.; Subrahmanya, S. Chalathadka; Chan, J. C. L.; Chan, M.; Chandra, K.; Chang, K.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chatterjee, C.; Chatterjee, Debarati; Chatterjee, Deep; Chaturvedi, M.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A.; Chen, A. H.-Y.; Chen, D.; Chen, H.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, S.; Chen, Yanbei; Chen, Yitian; Cheng, H. P.; Chessa, P.; Cheung, H. T.; Cheung, S. Y.; Chiadini, F.; Chiarini, G.; Chiba, A.; Chincarini, A.; Chiofalo, M. L.; Chiummo, A.; Chou, C.; Choudhary, S.; Christensen, N.; Chua, S. S. Y.; Ciani, G.; Ciecielag, P.; Cieślar, M.; Cifaldi, M.; Cirok, B.; Clara, F.; Clark, A.; Clark, J. A.; Clarke, T. A.; Clearwater, P.; Clesse, S.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Codazzo, E.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Colace, S.; Colangeli, E.; Colleoni, M.; Collette, C. G.; Collins, J.; Colloms, S.; Colombo, A.; Compton, C. M.; Connolly, G.; Conti, L.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cordero-Carrión, I.; Corezzi, S.; Corman, M.; Cornish, N. J.; Coronado, I.; Corsi, A.; Cottingham, R.; Coughlin, M. W.; Couineaux, A.; Couvares, P.; Coward, D. M.; Coyne, R.; Cozzumbo, A.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Creighton, T. D.; Cremonese, P.; Crook, S.; Crouch, R.; Csizmazia, J.; Cudell, J. R.; Cullen, T. J.; Cumming, A.; Cuoco, E.; Cusinato, M.; Da Conceição, L. V.; Canton, T. Dal; Pra, S. Dal; Dálya, G.; D'Angelo, B.; Danilishin, S.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Darroch, K. E.; Dartez, L. P.; Das, R.; Dasgupta, A.; Dattilo, V.; Daumas, A.; Davari, N.; Dave, I.; Davenport, A.; Davier, M.; Davies, T. F.; Davis, D.; Davis, L.; Davis, M. C.; Davis, P.; Daw, E. J.; Dax, M.; De Bolle, J.; Deenadayalan, M.; Degallaix, J.; De Laurentis, M.; De Lillo, F.; Della Torre, S.; Del Pozzo, W.; Demagny, A.; De Marco, F.; Demasi, G.; De Matteis, F.; Demos, N.; Dent, T.; Depasse, A.; DePergola, N.; De Pietri, R.; De Rosa, R.; De Rossi, C.; Desai, M.; DeSalvo, R.; DeSimone, A.; De Simone, R.; Dhani, A.; Diab, R.; Díaz, M. C.; Di Cesare, M.; Dideron, G.; Dietrich, T.; Di Fiore, L.; Di Fronzo, C.; Di Giovanni, M.; Di Girolamo, T.; Diksha, D.; Ding, J.; Di Pace, S.; Di Palma, I.; Di Piero, D.; Di Renzo, F.; Divyajyoti; Dmitriev, A.; Docherty, J. P.; Doctor, Z.; Doerksen, N.; Dohmen, E.; Doke, A.; De Souza, A. Domiciano; D'Onofrio, L.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Dooney, T.; Doravari, S.; Dorosh, O.; Doyle, W. J. D.; Drago, M.; Driggers, J. C.; Dunn, L.; Dupletsa, U.; Duverne, P.-A.; D'Urso, D.; Roy, P. Dutta; Duval, H.; Dwyer, S. E.; Eassa, C.; East, W. E.; Ebersold, M.; Eckhardt, T.; Eddolls, G.; Effler, A.; Eichholz, J.; Einsle, H.; Eisenmann, M.; Emma, M.; Endo, K.; Enficiaud, R.; Errico, L.; Espinosa, R.; Esposito, M.; Essick, R. C.; Estellés, H.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evstafyeva, T.; Ewing, B. E.; Ezquiaga, J. M.; Fabrizi, F.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Farah, A. M.; Farr, B.; Farr, W. M.; Favaro, G.; Favata, M.; Fays, M.; Fazio, M.; Feicht, J.; Fejer, M. M.; Felicetti, R.; Fenyvesi, E.; Fernandes, J.; Fernandes, T.; Fernando, D.; Ferraiuolo, S.; Ferreira, T. A.; Fidecaro, F.; Figura, P.; Finch, E.; Fiori, A.; Fiori, I.; Fishbach, M.; Fisher, R. P.; Fittipaldi, R.; Fiumara, V.; Flaminio, R.; Fleischer, S. M.; Fleming, L. S.; Floden, E.; Fong, H.; Font, J. A.; Fontinele-Nunes, F.; Foo, C.; Fornal, B.; Franceschetti, K.; Franchini, N.; Frappez, F.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Freed, J. P.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Freitas, O.; Frey, R.; Frischhertz, W.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fronzé, G. G.; Fuentes-Garcia, M.; Fujii, S.; Fujimori, T.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gadre, B.; Gair, J. R.; Galaudage, S.; Galdi, V.; Gamba, R.; Gamboa, A.; Gamoji, S.; Ganapathy, D.; Ganguly, A.; Garaventa, B.; García-Bellido, J.; García-Quirós, C.; Gardner, J. W.; Gardner, K. A.; Garg, S.; Gargiulo, J.; Garrido, X.; Garron, A.; Garufi, F.; Garver, P. A.; Gasbarra, C.; Gateley, B.; Gautier, F.; Gayathri, V.; Gayer, T.; Gemme, G.; Gennai, A.; Gennari, V.; George, J.; George, R.; Gerberding, O.; Gergely, L.; Ghosh, Archisman; Ghosh, Sayantan; Ghosh, Shaon; Ghosh, Shrobana; Ghosh, Suprovo; Ghosh, Tathagata; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Gibson, D. R.; Gier, C.; Gkaitatzis, S.; Glanzer, J.; Glotin, F.; Godfrey, J.; Godley, R. V.; Godwin, P.; Goettel, A. S.; Goetz, E.; Golomb, J.; Lopez, S. Gomez; Goncharov, B.; González, G.; Goodarzi, P.; Goode, S.; Goodwin-Jones, A. W.; Gosselin, M.; Gouaty, R.; Gould, D. W.; Govorkova, K.; Grado, A.; Graham, V.; Granados, A. E.; Granata, M.; Granata, V.; Gras, S.; Grassia, P.; Graves, J.; Gray, C.; Gray, R.; Greco, G.; Green, A. C.; Green, L.; Green, S. M.; Green, S. R.; Greenberg, C.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Griffin, H. K.; Griffith, D.; Griggs, H. L.; Grignani, G.; Grimaud, C.; Grote, H.; Grunewald, S.; Guerra, D.; Guetta, D.; Guidi, G. M.; Guimaraes, A. R.; Gulati, H. K.; Gulminelli, F.; Guo, H.; Guo, W.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, Anuradha; Gupta, I.; Gupta, N. C.; Gupta, S. K.; Gupta, V.; Gupte, N.; Gurs, J.; Gutierrez, N.; Guttman, N.; Guzman, F.; Haba, D.; Haberland, M.; Haino, S.; Hall, E. D.; Hamilton, E. Z.; Hammond, G.; Haney, M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hannam, M. D.; Hannuksela, O. A.; Hanselman, A. G.; Hansen, H.; Hanson, J.; Hanumasagar, S.; Harada, R.; Hardison, A. R.; Harikumar, S.; Haris, K.; Harley-Trochimczyk, I.; Harmark, T.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Hart, J.; Haskell, B.; Haster, C. J.; Haughian, K.; Hayakawa, H.; Hayama, K.; Heintze, M. C.; Heinze, J.; Heinzel, J.; Heitmann, H.; Hellman, F.; Helmling-Cornell, A. F.; Hemming, G.; Henderson-Sapir, O.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Hennig, M. H.; Henshaw, C.; Heurs, M.; Hewitt, A. L.; Heynen, J.; Heyns, J.; Higginbotham, S.; Hild, S.; Hill, S.; Himemoto, Y.; Hirata, N.; Hirose, C.; Hofman, D.; Hogan, B. E.; Holland, N. A.; Hollows, I. J.; Holz, D. E.; Honet, L.; Horton-Bailey, D. J.; Hough, J.; Hourihane, S.; Howard, N. T.; Howell, E. J.; Hoy, C. G.; Hrishikesh, C. A.; Hsi, P.; Hsieh, H.-F.; Hsieh, H.-Y.; Hsiung, C.; Hsu, S.-H.; Hsu, W.-F.; Hu, Q.; Huang, H. Y.; Huang, Y.; Huang, Y. T.; Huddart, A. D.; Hughey, B.; Hui, V.; Husa, S.; Huxford, R.; Iampieri, L.; Iandolo, G. A.; Ianni, M.; Iannone, G.; Iascau, J.; Ide, K.; Iden, R.; Ierardi, A.; Ikeda, S.; Imafuku, H.; Inoue, Y.; Iorio, G.; Iosif, P.; Iqbal, M. H.; Irwin, J.; Ishikawa, R.; Isi, M.; Isleif, K. S.; Itoh, Y.; Iwaya, M.; Iyer, B. R.; Jacquet, C.; Jacquet, P.-E.; Jacquot, T.; Jadhav, S. J.; Jadhav, S. P.; Jain, M.; Jain, T.; James, A. L.; Jani, K.; Janquart, J.; Janthalur, N. N.; Jaraba, S.; Jaranowski, P.; Jaume, R.; Javed, W.; Jennings, A.; Jensen, M.; Jia, W.; Jiang, J.; Jin, H.-B.; Johns, G. R.; Johnson, N. A.; Johnson-McDaniel, N.; Johnston, M. C.; Johnston, R.; Johny, N.; Jones, D. H.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, R.; Jose, H. E.; Joshi, P.; Joshi, S. K.; Joubert, G.; Ju, J.; Ju, L.; Jung, K.; Junker, J.; Juste, V.; Kabagoz, H. B.; Kajita, T.; Kaku, I.; Kalogera, V.; Kalomenopoulos, M.; Kamiizumi, M.; Kanda, N.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kannachel, N. C.; Kanner, J. B.; KantiMahanty, S. A.; Kapadia, S. J.; Kapasi, D. P.; Karthikeyan, M.; Kasprzack, M.; Kato, H.; Kato, T.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaushik, R.; Kawabe, K.; Kawamoto, R.; Keitel, D.; Kemperman, L. J.; Kennington, J.; Kerkow, F. A.; Kesharwani, R.; Key, J. S.; Khadela, R.; Khadka, S.; Khadkikar, S. S.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khan, F.; Khanam, T.; Khursheed, M.; Khusid, N. M.; Kiendrebeogo, W.; Kijbunchoo, N.; Kim, C.; Kim, J. C.; Kim, K.; Kim, M. H.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kimball, C.; Kimes, K.; Kinnear, M.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Knee, A. M.; Knox, E. J.; Knust, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Koehlenbeck, S. M.; Koekoek, G.; Kohri, K.; Kokeyama, K.; Koley, S.; Kolitsidou, P.; Koloniari, A. E.; Komori, K.; Kong, A. K. H.; Kontos, A.; Koponen, L. M.; Korobko, M.; Kou, X.; Koushik, A.; Kouvatsos, N.; Kovalam, M.; Koyama, T.; Kozak, D. B.; Kranzhoff, S. L.; Kringel, V.; Krishnendu, N. V.; Kroker, S.; Królak, A.; Kruska, K.; Kubisz, J.; Kuehn, G.; Kulkarni, S.; Ramamohan, A. Kulur; Kumar, Achal; Kumar, Anil; Kumar, Praveen; Kumar, Prayush; Kumar, Rahul; Kumar, Rakesh; Kume, J.; Kuns, K.; Kuntimaddi, N.; Kuroyanagi, S.; Kuwahara, S.; Kwak, K.; Kwan, K.; Kwon, S.; Lacaille, G.; Laghi, D.; Laity, A. H.; Lalande, E.; Lalleman, M.; Lalremruati, P. C.; Landry, M.; Lane, B. B.; Lang, R. N.; Lange, J.; Langgin, R.; Lantz, B.; La Rosa, I.; Larsen, J.; Lartaux-Vollard, A.; Lasky, P. D.; Lawrence, J.; Laxen, M.; Lazarte, C.; Lazzarini, A.; Lazzaro, C.; Leaci, P.; Leali, L.; Lecoeuche, Y. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, H. W.; Lee, J.; Lee, K.; Lee, R.-K.; Lee, R.; Lee, Sungho; Lee, Sunjae; Lee, Y.; Legred, I. N.; Lehmann, J.; Lehner, L.; Le Jean, M.; Lemaître, A.; Lenti, M.; Leonardi, M.; Lequime, M.; Leroy, N.; Lesovsky, M.; Letendre, N.; Lethuillier, M.; Levin, Y.; Leyde, K.; Li, A. K. Y.; Li, K. L.; Li, T. G. F.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Lihos, A.; Lin, E. T.; Lin, F.; Lin, L. C.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Lindsay, C.; Linker, S. D.; Liu, A.; Liu, G. C.; Liu, Jian; Villarreal, F. Llamas; Llobera-Querol, J.; Lo, R. K. L.; Locquet, J.-P.; Loggins, S. C. G.; Loizou, M. R.; London, L. T.; Longo, A.; Lopez, D.; Portilla, M. Lopez; Lorenzo-Medina, A.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lotti, E.; Lott, T. P.; Lough, J. D.; Loughlin, H. A.; Lousto, C. O.; Low, N.; Lu, N.; Lucchesi, L.; Lück, H.; Lumaca, D.; Lundgren, A. P.; Lussier, A. W.; Ma, S.; Macas, R.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; MacMillan, I. A. O.; Macquet, A.; Maeda, K.; Maenaut, S.; Magare, S. S.; Magee, R. M.; Maggio, E.; Maggiore, R.; Magnozzi, M.; Mahapatra, P.; Mahesh, M.; Maini, M.; Majhi, S.; Majorana, E.; Makarem, C. N.; Malakar, D.; Malaquias-Reis, J. A.; Mali, U.; Maliakal, S.; Malik, A.; Mallick, L.; Malz, A.-K.; Man, N.; Mancarella, M.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Mannix, B.; Mansell, G. L.; Manske, M.; Mantovani, M.; Mapelli, M.; Marinelli, C.; Marion, F.; Markosyan, A. S.; Markowitz, A.; Maros, E.; Marsat, S.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinez, B. B.; Martinez, D. A.; Martinez, M.; Martinez, V.; Martini, A.; Martins, J. C.; Martynov, D. V.; Marx, E. J.; Massaro, L.; Masserot, A.; Masso-Reid, M.; Mastrogiovanni, S.; Matcovich, T.; Matiushechkina, M.; Maurin, L.; Mavalvala, N.; Maxwell, N.; McCarrol, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McCormick, S.; McCuller, L.; McEachin, S.; McElhenny, C.; McGhee, G. I.; McGinn, J.; McGowan, K. B. M.; McIver, J.; McLeod, A.; McMahon, I.; McRae, T.; McTeague, R.; Meacher, D.; Meagher, B. N.; Mechum, R.; Meijer, Q.; Melatos, A.; Menoni, C. S.; Mera, F.; Mercer, R. A.; Mereni, L.; Merfeld, K.; Merilh, E. L.; Mérou, J. R.; Merritt, J. D.; Merzougui, M.; Messick, C.; Mestichelli, B.; Meyer-Conde, M.; Meylahn, F.; Mhaske, A.; Miani, A.; Miao, H.; Michel, C.; Michimura, Y.; Middleton, H.; Mihaylov, D. P.; Miller, S. J.; Millhouse, M.; Milotti, E.; Milotti, V.; Minenkov, Y.; Minihan, E. M.; Mir, Ll. M.; Mirasola, L.; Miravet-Tenés, M.; Miritescu, C.-A.; Mishra, A.; Mishra, C.; Mishra, T.; Mitchell, A. L.; Mitchell, J. G.; Mitman, K.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitsuhashi, K.; Mittleman, R.; Miyakawa, O.; Miyoki, S.; Miyoko, A.; Mo, G.; Mobilia, L.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Mohite, S. R.; Molina-Ruiz, M.; Mondin, M.; Montani, M.; Moore, C. J.; Moraru, D.; More, A.; More, S.; Moreno, C.; Moreno, E. A.; Moreno, G.; Serra, A. Moreso; Morisaki, S.; Moriwaki, Y.; Morras, G.; Moscatello, A.; Mould, M.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Muccillo, L.; Muciaccia, F.; Mukherjee, D.; Mukherjee, Samanwaya; Mukherjee, Soma; Mukherjee, Subroto; Mukherjee, Suvodip; Mukund, N.; Mullavey, A.; Mullock, H.; Mundi, J.; Mungioli, C. L.; Murakoshi, M.; Murray, P. G.; Nabari, D.; Nadji, S. L.; Nagar, A.; Nagarajan, N.; Nakagaki, K.; Nakamura, K.; Nakano, H.; Nakano, M.; Nanadoumgar-Lacroze, D.; Nandi, D.; Napolano, V.; Narayan, P.; Nardecchia, I.; Narikawa, T.; Narola, H.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R. K.; Negri, L.; Nela, A.; Nelle, C.; Nelson, A.; Nelson, T. J. N.; Nery, M.; Neunzert, A.; Ng, S.; Quynh, L. Nguyen; Nichols, S. A.; Nielsen, A. B.; Nishino, Y.; Nishizawa, A.; Nissanke, S.; Niu, W.; Nocera, F.; Noller, J.; Norman, M.; North, C.; Novak, J.; Nowicki, R.; Siles, J. F. Nuño; Nuttall, L. K.; Obayashi, K.; Oberling, J.; O'Dell, J.; Oelker, E.; Oertel, M.; Oganesyan, G.; O'Hanlon, T.; Ohashi, M.; Ohme, F.; Oliveri, R.; Omer, R.; O'Neal, B.; Onishi, M.; Oohara, K.; O'Reilly, B.; Orselli, M.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; O'Shea, S.; Oshino, S.; Osthelder, C.; Ota, I.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ouzriat, A.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Ozaki, R.; Pace, A. E.; Pagano, R.; Page, M. A.; Pai, A.; Paiella, L.; Pal, A.; Pal, S.; Palaia, M. A.; Pálfi, M.; Palma, P. P.; Palomba, C.; Palud, P.; Pan, H.; Pan, J.; Pan, K. C.; Panda, P. K.; Pandey, Shiksha; Pandey, Swadha; Pang, P. T. H.; Pannarale, F.; Pannone, K. A.; Pant, B. C.; Panther, F. H.; Panzeri, M.; Paoletti, F.; Paolone, A.; Papadopoulos, A.; Papalexakis, E. E.; Papalini, L.; Papigkiotis, G.; Paquis, A.; Parisi, A.; Park, B.-J.; Park, J.; Parker, W.; Pascale, G.; Pascucci, D.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passenger, L.; Passuello, D.; Patane, O.; Patel, A. V.; Pathak, D.; Patra, A.; Patricelli, B.; Patterson, B. G.; Paul, K.; Paul, S.; Payne, E.; Pearce, T.; Pedraza, M.; Pele, A.; Arellano, F. E. 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doi:10.1103/6c61-fm1n

Published January 30, 2026 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

1. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
2. LIGO Hanford Observatory
3. University of Salerno
4. National Institute for Nuclear Physics
5. University of Warwick
6. Monash University
7. Pennsylvania State University
8. Leibniz University Hannover
9. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
10. California Institute of Technology
11. Louisiana State University
12. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
13. Aix-Marseille University
14. Université Catholique de Louvain
15. Queen Mary University of London
16. University of California, Davis
17. University of Minnesota
18. National Institute for Space Research
19. University of Paris
20. University of Rome Tor Vergata
21. University of Antwerp
22. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
23. Friedrich Schiller University Jena
24. INFN Sezione di Torino
25. University of Genoa
26. Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules—IN2P3
27. University of Naples Federico II
28. Cardiff University
29. Australian National University
30. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
31. Maastricht University
32. National Institute for Subatomic Physics
33. Sapienza University of Rome
34. University of Paris-Saclay
35. University of Tokyo
36. Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology
37. Gran Sasso Science Institute
38. Gran Sasso National Laboratory
39. University of Florida
40. University of Udine
41. Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias
42. University of Camerino
43. University of Washington
44. California State University, Fullerton
45. University of Strathclyde
46. Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
47. Georgia Institute of Technology
48. Chennai Mathematical Institute
49. University of London
50. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
51. University of Urbino
52. European Gravitational Observatory
53. Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
54. University of Strasbourg
55. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
56. Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
57. Osaka University
58. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
59. Utrecht University
60. University of Western Australia
61. University of Portsmouth
62. University of Trento
63. University of Perugia
64. University of Oregon
65. Syracuse University
66. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
67. University of Pisa
68. University of Barcelona
69. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
70. University of Glasgow
71. HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics
72. Concordia University Wisconsin
73. Stanford University
74. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
75. University of Padua
76. Institute for Plasma Research
77. Ghent University
78. Polish Academy of Sciences
79. Northwestern University
80. Universität Hamburg
81. University of the Balearic Islands
82. Université de Toulon
83. Laboratoire des 2 Infinis—Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3)
84. University of Siena
85. Villanova University
86. University of Birmingham
87. RRCAT
88. Kenyon College
89. Missouri University of Science and Technology
90. Indian Institute of Technology
91. VU Amsterdam
92. Lomonosov Moscow State University
93. KU Leuven
94. Rochester Institute of Technology
95. Université Libre de Bruxelles
96. Bar-Ilan University
97. Université Côte d'Azur
98. University of British Columbia
99. University of Adelaide
100. French National Centre for Scientific Research
101. University of Rennes 1
102. Washington State University
103. Cornell University
104. Sorbonne University
105. Christopher Newport University
106. University of Melbourne
107. University of Warsaw
108. University of Maryland, College Park
109. University of Milano-Bicocca
110. University of Lyon System
111. University of Chicago
112. University of Arizona
113. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
114. University of Copenhagen
115. University of Guadalajara
116. Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma
117. Colorado State University
118. University of Valencia
119. National Central University
120. National Tsing Hua University
121. Charles Sturt University
122. Vanderbilt University
123. Chinese Academy of Sciences
124. National Chiao Tung University
125. The University of Texas at Austin
126. Northeastern University
127. University of Toyama
128. Carleton College
129. University of Szeged
130. Swinburne University of Technology
131. University of Cagliari
132. Brera Astronomical Observatory
133. Montana State University
134. University of Utah
135. Johns Hopkins University
136. University of Rhode Island
137. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
138. University of Liège
139. University of Bologna
140. INFN Sezione di Bologna
141. University of Manitoba
142. National Center for Frame Analysis
143. University of Sassari
144. Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
145. Université de Normandie
146. Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Caen
147. University of Sheffield
148. Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés
149. University of Florence
150. University of Santiago de Compostela
151. University of Parma
152. California State University Los Angeles
153. Marquette University
154. Perimeter Institute
155. PSL Research University
156. University of Trieste
157. National Center for Nuclear Research
158. Vrije Universiteit Brussel
159. University of Zurich
160. University of Toronto
161. Stony Brook University
162. Flatiron Institute
163. Montclair State University
164. Institute for Nuclear Research
165. University of Minho
166. CNR-SPIN
167. University of Basilicata
168. Western Washington University
169. University of the West of Scotland
170. Barry University
171. University of Lisbon
172. Eötvös Loránd University
173. Osaka Metropolitan University
174. University of Sannio
175. University of California, Berkeley
176. Autonomous University of Madrid
177. Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans
178. University of Southampton
179. University of California, Riverside
180. Roma Tre University
181. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
182. University of Nottingham
183. Ariel University
184. University of Mississippi
185. Institute of Science Tokyo
186. Institute of Physics
187. Chinese University of Hong Kong
188. American University
189. University of Milan
190. Fukuoka University
191. University of Cambridge
192. Lancaster University
193. Nihon University
194. Niigata University
195. Tamkang University
196. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
197. Aoyama Gakuin University
198. Helmut Schmidt University
199. Columbia University
200. Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management
201. Observatory of Strasbourg
202. University of Białystok
203. Chinese Academic of Sciences
204. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
205. Sungkyunkwan University
206. Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
207. Chung-Ang University
208. University of Washington Bothell
209. University of Ouagadougou
210. Ewha Womans University
211. National Institute for Mathematical Sciences
212. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
213. Chungnam National University
214. Nagoya University
215. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
216. Bard College
217. Technische Universität Braunschweig
218. Jagiellonian University
219. University of Montreal
220. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune
221. Seoul National University
222. Inje University
223. National Cheng Kung University
224. University
225. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
226. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
227. Institute for High Energy Physics
228. Heidelberg University
229. Tokyo City University
230. Tsinghua University
231. Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
232. Ryukoku University
233. Phenikaa University
234. University of Stavanger
235. Hiroshima University
236. University of Amsterdam
237. University College London
238. Paris Observatory
239. Laboratory Universe and Theories
240. CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
241. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi
242. Yonsei University
243. Hobart and William Smith Colleges
244. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
245. Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research
246. Kennesaw State University
247. Subatech
248. University of Antioquia
249. Technical University of Madrid
250. National Institute of Technology
251. Trinity College Dublin
252. University of Ferrara
253. Toho University
254. Peking University
255. Laboratoire MSME
256. Osaka Institute of Technology
257. Goddard Space Flight Center
258. Kōchi University
259. Kyoto University
260. University of Catania
261. National Defense Academy of Japan
262. Eindhoven University of Technology
263. Beijing Normal University
264. Wuhan University

The binary black hole signal GW250114, the loudest gravitational wave detected to date, offers a unique opportunity to test Einstein's general relativity (GR) in the high-velocity, strong-gravity regime and probe whether the remnant conforms to the Kerr metric. Upon perturbation, black holes emit a spectrum of damped sinusoids with specific, complex frequencies. Our analysis of the postmerger signal shows that at least two quasinormal modes are required to explain the data, with the most damped remaining statistically significant for about one cycle. We probe the remnant's Kerr nature by constraining the spectroscopic pattern of the dominant quadrupolar ( ℓ = m = 2 ) mode and its first overtone to match the Kerr prediction to tens of percent at multiple postpeak times. The measured mode amplitudes and phases agree with a numerical-relativity simulation having parameters close to GW250114. By fitting a parametrized waveform that incorporates the full inspiral-merger-ringdown sequence, we constrain the fundamental ( ℓ = m = 4 ) mode to tens of percent and bound the quadrupolar frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction. We perform a suite of tests—spanning inspiral, merger, and ringdown—finding constraints that are comparable to, and in some cases 2–3 times more stringent than those obtained by combining dozens of events in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. These results constitute the most stringent single-event verification of GR and the Kerr nature of black holes to date, and outline the power of black-hole spectroscopy for future gravitational-wave observations.

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and DOI.

Acknowledgement

This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1), the ICSC—CentroNazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the European Union NextGenerationEU, the Comunitat Autonòma de les Illes Balears through the Conselleria d’Educació i Universitats, the Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund; the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), the US-Israel Binational Science Fund (BSF), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, the JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2402: 24103006, 24103005, and 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361, and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Computing Infrastructure Project of the Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), the AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Science Vanguard Research Program, the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and the Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this article are openly available:

LIGO Scientific, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaborations, GW250114 GWOSC page (2025), https://gwosc.org/eventapi/html/O4_Discovery_Papers/GW250114_082203/v1/.

Supplemental Material

See Attached.
The Supplemental Material contains additional information about the tests performed in the main text as well as a suite of additional tests that were performed on GW250114.

Files

6c61-fm1n.pdf

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6c61-fm1n.pdf md5:395672f0d8db3e8234f784654aad4190	1.5 MB	Preview Download
supplement.pdf md5:97164ac82b725f6024707e2a50291255	676.2 kB	Preview Download

Additional details

Is supplemented by: Dataset: https://gwosc.org/eventapi/html/O4_Discovery_Papers/GW250114_082203/v1/ (URL)

National Science Foundation
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Max Planck Society
Australian Research Council
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Dutch Research Council
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Department of Science and Technology
Science and Engineering Research Board
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
European Commission
PRTR-C17.I1
Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital
CERCA Institution
Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej
National Science Center
European Commission
Foundation for Polish Science
Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Swiss National Science Foundation
Russian Science Foundation
European Commission
European Commission
Royal Society
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
Institut des Origines de Lyon
Fund for Scientific Research
Conseil Régional d'Île-de-France
National Research, Development and Innovation Office
National Research Foundation of Korea
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
University Grants Committee
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Israel Science Foundation
United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation
Leverhulme Trust
Research Corporation for Science Advancement
National Science and Technology Council
United States Department of Energy
The Kavli Foundation
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
26000005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2402: 24103006
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
24103005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2905: JP17H06358
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP17H06361
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP17H06364
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
17H06133
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
20H05639
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
20A203: JP20H05854
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ministry of Science and ICT
Academia Sinica
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
State of Niedersachsen/Germany
ICSC—CentroNazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing
Comunitat Autonòma de les Illes Balears
Conselleria d'Educació i Universitats
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Actions de Recherche Concertées
AS Grid Center
Science Vanguard Research Program

Available: 2026-01-29

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Caltech groups: Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA) , LIGO , Physics Department , Physics Department , Physics Department
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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

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Abstract

Copyright and License

Acknowledgement

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Supplemental Material

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Related works

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