Published August 20, 2023 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

A Search for Relativistic Ejecta in a Sample of ZTF Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae

  • 1. ROR icon Texas Tech University
  • 2. ROR icon Cornell University
  • 3. ROR icon New York State Office for People With Developmental Disabilities
  • 4. ROR icon University of California, Berkeley
  • 5. ROR icon Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  • 6. Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MC 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
  • 7. ROR icon University of Maryland, College Park
  • 8. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 9. ROR icon Stockholm University
  • 10. ROR icon Henan Academy of Sciences
  • 11. ROR icon National Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • 12. ROR icon Liverpool John Moores University
  • 13. ROR icon Michigan Technological University
  • 14. ROR icon Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 15. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Watanabe 416, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
  • 16. ROR icon Arkansas Tech University
  • 17. ROR icon University of Arizona
  • 18. ROR icon University of Washington
  • 19. ROR icon Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
  • 20. ROR icon Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies

Abstract

The dividing line between gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and ordinary stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is yet to be fully understood. Observationally mapping the variety of ejecta outcomes (ultrarelativistic, mildly relativistic, or nonrelativistic) in SNe of Type Ic with broad lines (Ic-BL) can provide a key test to stellar explosion models. However, this requires large samples of the rare SN Ic-BL events with follow-up observations in the radio, where fast ejecta can be probed largely free of geometry and viewing angle effects. Here, we present the results of a radio (and X-ray) follow-up campaign of 16 SNe Ic-BL detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Our radio campaign resulted in four counterpart detections and 12 deep upper limits. None of the events in our sample is as relativistic as SN 1998bw and we constrain the fraction of SN 1998bw-like explosions to <19% (3σ Gaussian equivalent), a factor of ≈2 smaller than previously established. We exclude relativistic ejecta with radio luminosity densities in between ≈5 × 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 and ≈1029 erg s−1 Hz−1 at t ≳ 20 days since explosion for ≈60% of the events in our sample. This shows that SNe Ic-BL similar to the GRB-associated SNe 1998bw, 2003lw, and 2010bh, or to the relativistic SNe 2009bb and iPTF17cw, are rare. Our results also exclude an association of the SNe Ic-BL in our sample with largely off-axis GRBs with energies E ≳ 1050 erg. The parameter space of SN 2006aj-like events (faint and fast-peaking radio emission) is, on the other hand, left largely unconstrained, and systematically exploring it represents a promising line of future research.

Copyright and License

© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

A.C. and A.B. acknowledge support from NASA Swift Guest Investigator programs (Cycles 16 and 17 via grants #80NSSC20K1482 and #80NSSC22K0203). S.A. gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation GROWTH PIRE grant No. 1545949. S.Y. has been supported by the research project grant “Understanding the Dynamic Universe” funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation under Dnr KAW 2018.0067, and the G.R.E.A.T research environment, funded by Vetenskapsrådet, the Swedish Research Council, project number 2016–06012. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under grants Nos. AST-1440341 and AST-2034437, and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Trinity College Dublin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, and IN2P3, France. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. The SED Machine is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1106171. The ZTF forced-photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant #12540303 (PI: Graham). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The Pan-STARRS1 Survey (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Based in part on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2210.09536 (arXiv)

Funding

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC20K1482
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC22K0203
National Science Foundation
1545949
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Dnr KAW 2018.0067
Swedish Research Council
2016-06012
National Science Foundation
AST-1440341
National Science Foundation
AST-2034437
National Science Foundation
1106171
Heising-Simons Foundation
12540303
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNX08AR22G
National Science Foundation
AST-1238877

Dates

Submitted
2022-10-16
Accepted
2023-05-08
Available
2023-08-16
Published