Signatures of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation
Creators
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1.
Georgetown University
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2.
California Institute of Technology
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3.
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
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4.
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
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5.
University of Copenhagen
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6.
Florida State University
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7.
University of Chile
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8.
Bar-Ilan University
Abstract
Light-induced phenomena in materials can exhibit exotic behavior that extends beyond equilibrium properties, offering new avenues for understanding and controlling electronic phases. So far, non-equilibrium phenomena in solids have been predominantly explored using femtosecond laser pulses, which generate transient, ultra-fast dynamics. Here, we investigate the steady non-equilibrium regime in graphene induced by a continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared laser. Our transport measurements reveal signatures of a long-lived Floquet phase, where a non-equilibrium electronic population is stabilized by the interplay between coherent photoexcitation and incoherent phonon cooling. The observation of non-equilibrium steady states using CW lasers stimulates further investigations of low-temperature Floquet phenomena towards Floquet engineering of steady-state phases of matter.
Copyright and License
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge support from NSF (projects DMR CMP #2104755, DMR CMP #2104770, and OSI #2329006), ANID FondeCyT (Chile) through grant number 1211038, and the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, an NSF Physics Frontiers Center (PHY-2317110). C.Y. gratefully acknowledges support from the DOE NNSA Stewardship Science Graduate Fellowship program, which is provided under cooperative Agreement No. DE-NA0003960. G.R. and I.E. are grateful to the AFOSR MURI program, under agreement number FA9550-22-1-0339, as well as the Simons Foundation. Part of this work was done at the Aspen Center for Physics, which is supported by the NSF grant PHY-1607611. F.N. gratefully acknowledges support from the Carlsberg Foundation, grant CF22-0727. C.L. was supported by start-up funds from Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) is supported by the National Science Foundation through NSF/DMR-1644779, NSF/DMR-2128556 and the State of Florida. L. E. F. F. T. acknowledges partial support from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 873028 (HYDROTRONICS Project), and of The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the Simons Foundation. The authors thank Dr. Michael Jackson, Dr. Yanfei Yang, Eli Adler, DaVonne Henry, Amjad Alqahtani, and Thy Le for helpful discussions, Taylor Terrones, Michael Chavez, and Leon Der for help with our experimental setup, and Dr. David Graf for help with experiments at NHMFL.
Data Availability
Relevant data supporting the key findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Information. All raw data generated during the current study are available from corresponding authors upon request.
Code Availability
Computer code generated during the current study is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14847973.
Supplemental Material
Files
s41467-025-57335-2.pdf
Additional details
Additional titles
- Alternative title
- Evidence of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation
Identifiers
- PMID
- 40021634
- PMCID
- PMC11871361
Related works
- Describes
- Journal Article: https://rdcu.be/eZXDZ (ReadCube)
- Journal Article: 40021634 (PMID)
- Journal Article: PMC11871361 (PMCID)
- Is new version of
- Discussion Paper: arXiv:2410.13930 (arXiv)
- Is supplemented by
- Software: 10.5281/zenodo.14847973 (DOI)
Funding
- National Science Foundation
- 2104755
- National Science Foundation
- 2104770
- National Science Foundation
- OSI-2329006
- Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo CientÃfico y Tecnológico
- 1211038
- National Science Foundation
- PHY-2317110
- United States Department of Energy
- DE-NA0003960
- United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- FA9550-22-1-0339
- Simons Foundation
- National Science Foundation
- PHY-1607611
- Carlsberg Foundation
- CF22-0727
- Florida State University
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- National Science Foundation
- DMR-1644779
- National Science Foundation
- DMR-2128556
- State of Florida
- European Research Council
- HYDROTRONICS 873028
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
Dates
- Submitted
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2024-02-14
- Accepted
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2025-02-19
- Available
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2025-02-28Version of record
Caltech Custom Metadata
- Caltech groups
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter , Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA) , Physics Department
- Publication Status
- Published