All the photometric and spectroscopic data of the SNe in the sample will be made available on WISEREP and Zenodo after publication. The meta-data of the sample, extinction template, and pipeline recovery efficiency are available as a machine-readable tables in DOI:10.5281/zenodo.14538857.
Published April 2025
| Version Published
Journal Article
Open
Low-luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I. Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate
Creators
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Das, Kaustav K.1
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Kasliwal, Mansi M.1
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Fremling, Christoffer1
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Sollerman, Jesper2
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Perley, Daniel A.3
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De, Kishalay4
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Tzanidakis, Anastasios5
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Sit, Tawny6
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Adams, Scott1
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Anand, Shreya7
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Ahumuda, Tomas1
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Andreoni, Igor8
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Brennan, Seán2
- Brink, Thomas9
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Bruch, Rachel J.10
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Chen, Ping10
- Chu, Matthew R.9
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Cook, David O.11
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Covarrubias, Sofia1
- Dahiwale, Aishwarya1
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Earley, Nicholas1
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Ho, Anna Y. Q.12
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Gal-Yam, Avishay10
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Gangopadhyay, Anjasha2
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Hammerstein, Erica13
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Hinds, K-Ryan3
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Karambelkar, Viraj1
- Kong, Yihan14
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Kulkarni, S. R.1
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Jegou du Laz, Theophile1
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Liu, Chang15
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Meynardie, William1
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Miller, Adam A.15, 16
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Nir, Guy9
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Patra, Kishore C.9
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Pessi, Priscila J.2
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Rich, R. Michael17
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Rehemtulla, Nabeel15, 16
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Rose, Sam1
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Rusholme, Ben11
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Schulze, Steve15
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Sharma, Yashvi1
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Singh, Avinash2
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Smith, Roger1
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Stein, Robert1
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Mandigo-Stoba, Milan Sharma17
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Strotjohann, Nora L.10
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Qin, Yu-Jing1
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Wise, Jacob3
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Wold, Avery11
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Yan, Lin1
- Yang, Yi18
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Yao, Yuhan9
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Zimmerman, Erez10
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1.
California Institute of Technology
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2.
Stockholm University
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3.
Liverpool John Moores University
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4.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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5.
University of Washington
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6.
The Ohio State University
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7.
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
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8.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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9.
University of California, Berkeley
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10.
Weizmann Institute of Science
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11.
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
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12.
Cornell University
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13.
University of Maryland, College Park
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14.
University of Hawaii at Manoa
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15.
Northwestern University
- 16. NSF-Simons AI Institute for the Sky (SkAI), 172 E. Chestnut St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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17.
University of California, Los Angeles
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18.
Tsinghua University
Abstract
We present the luminosity function and volumetric rate of a sample of Type IIP supernovae (SNe) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey (CLU). This is the largest sample of Type IIP SNe from a systematic volume-limited survey to-date. The final sample includes 330 Type IIP SNe and 36 low-luminosity Type II (LLIIP) SNe with Mr,peak > −16 mag, which triples the literature sample of LLIIP SNe. The fraction of LLIIP SNe is 19⁺³₋₄% of the total CLU Type IIP SNe population (8⁺¹₋₂% of all core-collapse SNe). This implies that while LLIIP SNe likely represent the fate of core-collapse SNe of 8–12 M⊙ progenitors, they alone cannot account for the fate of all massive stars in this mass range. To derive an absolute rate, we estimate the ZTF pipeline efficiency as a function of the apparent magnitude and the local surface brightness. We derive a volumetric rate of (3.9^(+0.4)_(−0.4)) × 10⁴ Gpc⁻³ yr⁻¹ for Type IIP SNe and (7.3^(+0.6)_(-0.6) x 10³ Gpc⁻³ yr⁻¹ for LLIIP SNe. Now that the rate of LLIIP SNe is robustly derived, the unresolved discrepancy between core-collapse SN rates and star formation rates cannot be explained by LLIIP SNe alone.
Copyright and License
© 2025. The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP). Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Acknowledgement
We thank the anonymous referee for their constructive feedback, which helped improve the quality of this manuscript.
Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48 inch and the 60 inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under grants No. AST-1440341 and AST-2034437 and a collaboration including current partners Caltech, IPAC, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, University of California, Berkeley, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, University of Warwick, Ruhr University Bochum, Cornell University, Northwestern University and Drexel University. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW.
Zwicky Transient Facility access for N.R., A.A.M., S.S., and C.L. was supported by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). N.R., C.L., and A.A.M. are supported by DoE award #DE-SC0025599.
S.S. is partially supported by LBNL Subcontract 7707915.
SED Machine is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1106171.
The ZTF forced-photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant #12540303 (PI: Graham).
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, through both the Data-Driven Investigator Program and a dedicated grant, provided critical funding for SkyPortal.
This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology.
The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council.
The W. M. Keck Observatory is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain.
Data Availability
Files
Das_2025_PASP_137_044203.pdf
Additional details
Related works
- Is new version of
- Discussion Paper: arXiv:2502.19493 (arXiv)
- Is supplemented by
- Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.14538857 (DOI)
Funding
- National Science Foundation
- AST-1440341
- National Science Foundation
- AST-2034437
- Northwestern University
- United States Department of Energy
- DE-SC0025599
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- 7707915
- National Science Foundation
- 1106171
- Heising-Simons Foundation
- 12540303
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
Dates
- Submitted
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2025-02-23
- Accepted
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2025-04-09
- Available
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2025-04-29Published
Caltech Custom Metadata
- Caltech groups
- Physics Department , Astronomy Department , Palomar Observatory , Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) , Zwicky Transient Facility , Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
- Publication Status
- Published