Interpretation of large-scale deviations from the Hubble flow

The theoretical expectation for large-scale streaming velocities relative to the Hubble flow is expressed in terms of statistical correlation functions. Only for objects that trace the mass would these velocities have a simple cosmological interpretation. If some biasing effects the objects' formation, then nonlinear gravitational evolution is essential to predicting the expected large-scale velocities, which also depend on the nature of the biasing.