CaltechAUTHORS
Published May 15, 2021 | Version Published + Accepted Version
Journal Article Open

Constraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87*

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Abstract

Our understanding of strong gravity near supermassive compact objects has recently improved thanks to the measurements made by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). We use here the M87* shadow size to infer constraints on the physical charges of a large variety of nonrotating or rotating black holes. For example, we show that the quality of the measurements is already sufficient to rule out that M87* is a highly charged dilaton black hole. Similarly, when considering black holes with two physical and independent charges, we are able to exclude considerable regions of the space of parameters for the doubly-charged dilaton and the Sen black holes.

Additional Information

© 2021 Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Received 29 November 2020; accepted 21 April 2021; published 20 May 2021. It is a pleasure to thank Enrico Barausse, Sebastian Völkel and Nicola Franchini for insightful discussions on alternative black holes. Support comes the ERC Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (Grant No. 610058). During the completion of this work we have become aware of a related work by S. Völkel et al. [98], which deals with topics that partly overlap with those of this manuscript (i.e., EHT tests of the strong-field regime of GR). The authors of the present paper thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects No. 274477, No. 284495, No. 312496, No. 315721); the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19\_058 (TITANs), and Fondecyt 3190878; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects No. U0004-246083, No. U0004-259839, No. F0003-272050, No. M0037-279006, No. F0003-281692, No. 104497, No. 275201, No. 263356); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A.Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónomade México (DGAPA-UNAM, projects No. IN112417 and No. IN112820); the EACOA Fellowship of the East Asia Core Observatories Association; the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (Grant No. 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project No. CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project No. PID2019-108995GB-C22; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grants No. GBMF-3561, No. GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, No. QYZDJSSW-SYS008, No. ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Lever-hulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (Grants No. 18KK0090, No. JP18K13594, No. JP18K03656, No. JP18H03721, No. 18K03709, No. 18H01245, No. 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005,108-2112-M-001-048, and 109-2124-M-001-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567 and 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program Grant No. 80NSSC20K0527, NASA NuSTAR Award No. 80NSSC20K0645, NASA Grant No. NNX17AL82G, and Hubble Fellowship Grant No. HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2016YFA0400704, No. 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, Grants No. AST-0096454, No. AST-0352953, No. AST-0521233, No. AST-0705062, No. AST-0905844, No. AST-0922984, No. AST-1126433, No. AST-1140030, No. DGE-1144085, No. AST-1207704, No. AST-1207730, No. AST-1207752, No. MRI-1228509, No. OPP-1248097, No. AST-1310896, No. AST-1337663, No. AST-1440254, No. AST-1555365, No. AST-1615796, No. AST-1715061, No. AST-1716327, No. AST-1716536, No. OISE-1743747, No. AST-1816420, No. AST-1903847, No. AST-1935980, No. AST-2034306); the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 11573051, No. 11633006, No. 11650110427, No. 10625314, No. 11721303, No. 11725312, No. 11933007, No. 11991052, No. 11991053); a fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671266); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants No. 2014H1A2A1018695, No. NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, No. 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Basic Research Support Grant No. 2019R1F1A1059721); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (Grant No. 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under Grant No. 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grants No. PGC2018-098915-B-C21, No. AYA2016-80889-P; No. PID2019-108995GB-C21, No. PGC2018-098915-B-C21); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (Grant No. P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Grant No. 2019AEP112); the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; Chandra award DD7-18089X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF Grants No. DBI-0735191, No. DBI-1265383, and No. DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE Jet-Stream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS inStuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario [99], Calcul Quebec [100] and Compute Canada [101]. We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA\#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astro-physics(ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This paper has made use of the following APEX data: Project ID T-091.F-0006-2013. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA), with financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and the National Science Foundation. The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center Grant No. PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people. Facilities: EHT, ALMA, APEX, IRAM:30 m, JCMT, LMT, SMA, ARO:SMT, SPT. Software: AIPS [102], ParselTongue [103], GNU Parallel [104], eht- imaging [105], Difmap [106], Numpy [107], Scipy [108], Pandas [109], Astropy [110,111], Jupyter [112], Matplotlib [113], THEMIS [114], DMC [115], polsolve [116], GPCAL [117].

Attached Files

Published - PhysRevD.103.104047.pdf

Accepted Version - 2105.09343.pdf

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Eprint ID
109255
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20210526-082336177

Related works

Describes
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.09343 (URL)

Funding

European Research Council (ERC)
610058
Academy of Finland
274477
Academy of Finland
284495
Academy of Finland
312496
Academy of Finland
315721
Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)
NCN19\_058
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT)
3190878
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Allegro
ALMA Regional Centre
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA)
University of Amsterdam
Leiden University
Radboud University
John Templeton Foundation
60477
China Scholarship Council
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-246083
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-259839
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-272050
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
M0037-279006
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-281692
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
104497
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
275201
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT))
263356
Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Acadómico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112417
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Acadómico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112820
East Asia Core Observatories Association
European Research Council (ERC)
610058
Generalitat Valenciana
APOSTD/2018/177
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2018/021
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-108995GB-C22
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF-3561
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF-5278
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Columbia University
Simons Foundation
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17J08829
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJSSW-SYS008
Chinese Academy of Sciences
ZDBS-LY-SLH011
Leverhulme Trust
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18KK0090
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18K13594
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18K03656
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18H03721
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18K03709
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18H01245
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
25120007
Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant
FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
105-2112-M-001-025-MY3
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2112-M-001-011
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2119-M-001-027
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-017
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-020
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-110-005
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
108-2112-M-001-048
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
109-2124-M-001-005
NASA
80NSSC20K1567
NASA
80NSSC20K0527
NASA
80NSSC20K0645
NASA
NNX17AL82G
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-HF2-51431.001-A
NASA
NAS5-26555
National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400704
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400702
NSF
AST-0096454
NSF
AST-0352953
NSF
AST-0521233
NSF
AST-0705062
NSF
AST-0905844
NSF
AST-0922984
NSF
AST-1126433
NSF
AST-1140030
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
DGE-1144085
NSF
AST-1207704
NSF
AST-1207730
NSF
AST-1207752
NSF
MRI-1228509
NSF
OPP-1248097
NSF
AST-1310896
NSF
AST-1337663
NSF
AST-1440254
NSF
AST-1555365
NSF
AST-1615796
NSF
AST-1715061
NSF
AST-1716327
NSF
AST-1716536
NSF
OISE-1743747
NSF
AST-1816420
NSF
AST-1903847
NSF
AST-1935980
NSF
AST-2034306
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11573051
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11633006
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11650110427
National Natural Science Foundation of China
10625314
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11721303
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11725312
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11933007
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991052
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991053
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
2020M671266
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
National Research Foundation of Korea
2014H1A2A1018695
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1A2A1033752
National Research Foundation of Korea
2015-R1D1A1A01056807
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1D3A1066561
National Research Foundation of Korea
2019R1F1A1059721
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
639.043.513
Spinoza Prize
SPI 78-409
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
National Research Foundation (South Africa)
Department of Science and Innovation (South Africa)
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO)
Swedish Research Council
2017-00648
Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development (Canada)
Province of Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PGC2018-098915-B-C21
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
AYA2016-80889-P
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PID2019-108995GB-C21
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PGC2018-098915-B-C21
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU)
Severo Ochoa
SEV-2017-0709
Toray Science Foundation
Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad
Junta de Andalucía
P18-FR-1769
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
2019AEP112
Department of Energy (DOE)
89233218CNA000001
European Research Council (ERC)
730562 RadioNet
ALMA North America Development Fund
Academia Sinica
NASA Chandra
TM6-17006X
NASA Chandra
DD7-18089X
NSF
ACI-1548562
NSF
DBI-0735191
NSF
DBI-1265383
NSF
DBI-1743442
NSF
TG-AST170024
NSF
TG-AST080026N
NSF
AST-170028
Compute Ontario
Calcul Quebec
Compute Canada
Smithsonian Institution
Ministry of Finance (China)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2017YFA0402700
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
State of Arizona
NSF
PLR-1248097
NSF
PHY-1125897
Kavli Foundation
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF 947

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2021-05-26
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2021-05-26
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