CaltechAUTHORS
Published March 20, 2021 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Radboud University Nijmegen
  • 2. ROR icon Leiden University
  • 3. ROR icon University of Valencia
  • 4. ROR icon Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array
  • 5. ROR icon Perimeter Institute
  • 6. ROR icon University of Waterloo
  • 7. ROR icon University of Colorado Boulder
  • 8. ROR icon University of Arizona
  • 9. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  • 10. ROR icon The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
  • 11. ROR icon University of Malaya
  • 12. ROR icon Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
  • 13. ROR icon Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 14. ROR icon Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
  • 15. ROR icon Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
  • 16. ROR icon University of Würzburg
  • 17. ROR icon Goethe University Frankfurt
  • 18. ROR icon National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • 19. ROR icon Harvard University
  • 20. ROR icon Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • 21. ROR icon University College London
  • 22. ROR icon National Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • 23. ROR icon Yale University
  • 24. ROR icon Fermilab
  • 25. ROR icon University of Chicago
  • 26. ROR icon East Asian Observatory
  • 27. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 28. ROR icon McGill University
  • 29. ROR icon International Research Institute for Radio Astronomy
  • 30. ROR icon Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
  • 31. ROR icon Korea University of Science and Technology
  • 32. ROR icon Princeton University
  • 33. ROR icon Cornell University
  • 34. ROR icon University of Amsterdam
  • 35. ROR icon Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
  • 36. ROR icon Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 37. ROR icon Fairfield University
  • 38. ROR icon Chalmers University of Technology
  • 39. ROR icon Columbia University
  • 40. ROR icon University of Naples Federico II
  • 41. ROR icon University of the Witwatersrand
  • 42. ROR icon University of Pretoria
  • 43. ROR icon Rhodes University
  • 44. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatories
  • 45. ROR icon University of Massachusetts Boston
  • 46. ROR icon Google (United States)
  • 47. ROR icon University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
  • 48. ROR icon University of Southern Denmark
  • 49. ROR icon National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
  • 50. ROR icon Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
  • 51. ROR icon University of Groningen
  • 52. ROR icon Peking University
  • 53. ROR icon University of Tokyo
  • 54. ROR icon Boston University
  • 55. ROR icon St Petersburg University
  • 56. ROR icon Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe
  • 57. ROR icon Kogakuin University
  • 58. ROR icon National Sun Yat-sen University
  • 59. ROR icon Institute of High Energy Physics
  • 60. ROR icon Nanjing University
  • 61. ROR icon Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
  • 62. ROR icon National Taiwan University
  • 63. ROR icon National Autonomous University of Mexico
  • 64. ROR icon Yunnan Observatories
  • 65. ROR icon Institute for Advanced Study
  • 66. ROR icon Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • 67. ROR icon University of Concepción
  • 68. ROR icon National Institute of Technology
  • 69. ROR icon University of Massachusetts Amherst
  • 70. ROR icon South African Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • 71. ROR icon University of Washington
  • 72. ROR icon Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
  • 73. ROR icon University of Toronto
  • 74. ROR icon Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
  • 75. ROR icon University of California, Berkeley
  • 76. ROR icon National Taiwan Normal University
  • 77. ROR icon Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
  • 78. ROR icon Trinity College Dublin
  • 79. ROR icon Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
  • 80. ROR icon Hiroshima University
  • 81. ROR icon Aalto University
  • 82. ROR icon Yonsei University
  • 83. ROR icon Dutch Research Council
  • 84. ROR icon Tohoku University
  • 85. ROR icon Seoul National University
  • 86. ROR icon University of Central Lancashire
  • 87. ROR icon Brandeis University
  • 88. ROR icon Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • 89. ROR icon University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 90. ROR icon University of Science and Technology of China
  • 91. ROR icon National Institute for Astrophysics
  • 92. ROR icon Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
  • 93. ROR icon European Southern Observatory
  • 94. ROR icon University of Oxford
  • 95. ROR icon Astro Space Center
  • 96. ROR icon Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
  • 97. ROR icon University of Turku

Abstract

We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the first Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) campaign, which was conducted in 2017 April in the λ3 mm and λ1.3 mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs), in the two bands at several epochs in a time window of 10 days. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2%–15%) and large rotation measures (RM > 10^(3.3)–10^(5.5) rad m⁻²), confirming the trends of previous AGN studies at millimeter wavelengths. We find that blazars are more strongly polarized than other AGNs in the sample, while exhibiting (on average) order-of-magnitude lower RM values, consistent with the AGN viewing angle unification scheme. For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of (−4.2 ± 0.3) × 10⁵ rad m⁻² at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade and, for the first time, an RM of (–2.1 ± 0.1) × 10⁵ rad m⁻² at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at millimeter wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year timescale, spanning the range from −1.2 to 0.3 × 10⁵ rad m⁻² at 3 mm and −4.1 to 1.5 × 10⁵ rad m⁻² at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT (on horizon scales) and ALMA (which observes the combined emission from both components). These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA.

Additional Information

© 2021. The American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2021 February 2; revised 2021 March 11; accepted 2021 March 12; published 2021 March 24. The ALMA measurements presented in this work provide critical constraints for the calibration and analysis of simultaneously obtained VLBI data. This is an essential resource for two instruments like the EHT and the GMVA which have the resolving power to reveal polarization structures and measure magnetic field strengths and particle densities on horizon scales (in the case of M87 and Sgr A*) and/or in the inner few parsecs for the AGNs. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00413.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01116.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01216.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01114.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01176.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01198.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01290.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01404.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.00841.V ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.01022.S ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01170.S ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.00415.S ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.00608.S The authors of the present Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the black hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19_058 (TITANs) and Fondecyt 3190878; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico–Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA–UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005, MOST 108-2112-M-001-048 and MOST 109-2124-M-001-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, and Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555, ); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1903847, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053); a fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671266); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015- R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universitá e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021; NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645; Chandra award DD7-18089X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories in the GMVA and EHT, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. The GMVA is coordinated by the VLBI group at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) and consists of telescopes operated by MPIfR, IRAM, Onsala, Metsahovi, Yebes, the Korean VLBI Network, the Green Bank Observatory and the VLBA. APEX is a collaboration between the MPIfR (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We thank Sergio Martin for the help interpreting the Sgr A* spectrum in SPW = 2. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people. M.P. acknowledges support by the Spanish Ministry of Science through Grants PID2019-105510GB-C31, and PID2019-107427GB-C33, and from the Generalitat Valenciana through grant PROMETEU/2019/071.

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Identifiers

Eprint ID
108619
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20210405-101639564

Funding

Academy of Finland
274477
Academy of Finland
284495
Academy of Finland
312496
Academy of Finland
315721
European Research Council (ERC)
731016
Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Allegro
ALMA Regional Centre
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA)
University of Amsterdam
Leiden University
Radboud University
Harvard University
John Templeton Foundation
60477
China Scholarship Council
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)
NCN19_058
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT)
3190878
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-246083
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-259839
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-272050
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
M0037-279006
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-281692
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
104497
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
275201
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
263356
Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112417
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112820
European Research Council (ERC)
610058
Generalitat Valenciana
APOSTD/2018/177
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2018/021
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-108995GB-C22
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF-3561
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF-5278
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Columbia University
Simons Foundation
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17J08829
Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJSSW-SYS008
Chinese Academy of Sciences
ZDBS-LY-SLH011
Leverhulme Trust
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18KK0090
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18K13594
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18K03656
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18H03721
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18K03709
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18H01245
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
25120007
Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant
FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
105-2112-M-001-025-MY3
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2112-M-001-011
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2119-M-001-027
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-017
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-020
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-110-005
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
108-2112-M-001-048
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
109-2124-M-001-005
NASA
80NSSC20K1567
NASA
80NSSC20K0527
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-HF2-51431.001-A
NASA
NAS5-26555
National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400704
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400702
NSF
AST-0096454
NSF
AST-0352953
NSF
AST-0521233
NSF
AST-0705062
NSF
AST-0905844
NSF
AST-0922984
NSF
AST-1126433
NSF
AST-1140030
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
DGE-1144085
NSF
AST-1207704
NSF
AST-1207730
NSF
AST-1207752
NSF
MRI-1228509
NSF
OPP-1248097
NSF
AST-1310896
NSF
AST-1337663
NSF
AST-1440254
NSF
AST-1555365
NSF
AST-1615796
NSF
AST-1715061
NSF
AST-1716327
NSF
AST-1716536
NSF
OISE-1743747
NSF
AST-1816420
NSF
AST-1903847
NSF
AST-1935980
NSF
AST-2034306
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11573051
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11633006
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11650110427
National Natural Science Foundation of China
10625314
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11721303
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11725312
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11933007
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991052
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991053
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
2020M671266
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1A2A1033752
National Research Foundation of Korea
2015-R1D1A1A01056807
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1D3A1066561
National Research Foundation of Korea
2019R1F1A1059721
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
639.043.513
Spinoza Prize
SPI 78-409
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
National Research Foundation (South Africa)
Department of Science and Technology (South Africa)
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO)
Swedish Research Council
2017-00648
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development (Canada)
Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PGC2018-098915-B-C21
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
AYA2016-80889-P
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PID2019-108995GB-C21
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU)
Severo Ochoa
SEV-2017-0709
Toray Science Foundation
Junta de Andalucía
P18-FR-1769
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
2019AEP112
Department of Energy (DOE)
89233218CNA000001
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Ministero dell'Istruzione, Università e Ricerca (MIUR)
CUP C52I13000140001
European Research Council (ERC)
730562 RadioNet
ALMA North America Development Fund
Academia Sinica
NASA Chandra
TM6-17006X
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2018/021
NASA
80NSSC20K0645
NASA Chandra
DD7-18089X
NSF
ACI-1548562
NSF
DBI-0735191
NSF
DBI-1265383
NSF
DBI-1743442
NSF
TG-AST170024
NSF
TG-AST080026N
NSF
AST-170028
Compute Ontario
Calcul Quebec
Compute Canada
Smithsonian Institution
Ministry of Finance (China)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2017YFA0402700
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
State of Arizona
NSF
PLR-1248097
NSF
PHY-1125897
Kavli Foundation
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
GBMF 947
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-105510GB-C31
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-107427GB-C33
Generalitat Valenciana
PROMETEU/2019/071

Dates

Created
2021-04-07
Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated
2021-04-07
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