A Break in Spiral Galaxy Scaling Relations at the Upper Limit of Galaxy Mass

Super spirals are the most massive star-forming disk galaxies in the universe. We measured rotation curves for 23 massive spirals with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and found a wide range of fast rotation speeds (240–570 km s^(−1)), indicating enclosed dynamical masses of (0.6−4) × 10^(12) M⊙. Super spirals with mass in stars log M_(stars)/M⊙ > 11.5 break from the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR) established for lower-mass galaxies. The BTFR power-law index breaks from 3.75 ± 0.11 to 0.25 ± 0.41 above a rotation speed of ~340 km s^(−1). Super spirals also have very high specific angular momenta that break from the Fall relation. These results indicate that super spirals are undermassive for their dark matter halos, limited to a mass in stars of log M_(stars)/M⊙ < 11.8. Most giant elliptical galaxies also obey this fundamental limit, which corresponds to a critical dark halo mass of log M_(halo)/M⊙ ≃ 12.7. Once a halo reaches this mass, its gas can no longer cool and collapse in a dynamical time. Super spirals survive today in halos as massive as log M_(halo)/M⊙ ≃ 13.6, continuing to form stars from the cold baryons they captured before their halos reached critical mass. The observed high-mass break in the BTFR is inconsistent with the Modified Newtonian Dynamics theory.