Observational evidence for Criegee intermediate oligomerization reactions relevant to aerosol formation in the troposphere

We gratefully acknowledge K. Au, R. Almeida and P. Fugazzi for technical assistance with the MPIMS and JSR experiments. We are grateful to A. J. Eskola, J. D. Savee, O. Welz, M.-W. Chen and I. O. Antonov for early MPIMS attempts. We thank S. Carbone for maintaining the ozone, NO_x and ACSM instruments during the field campaign, and the LBA central office at INPA in Manaus for field support. We are grateful to R. P. Evershed, A. J. Orr-Ewing, S. T. Pratt, S. P. Sander, L. Young and J. Zádor for useful discussions. This material is based on work supported by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), US Department of Energy (USDOE; R.L.C., A.C.R., A.W.J., D.L.O., N.H., S.J.K. and C.A.T.). Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for USDOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. Argonne National Laboratory is supported by the USDOE, Office of Science, BES, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research used resources of the Advanced Light Source, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The contributions of R.L.C. were in part supported by an appointment to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, administered by the Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. This research was carried out in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the NASA, supported by the Upper Atmosphere Research and Tropospheric Chemistry program (F.A.F.W. and C.J.P). D.E.S. and M.A.H.K. were supported by NERC (NE/K004905/1), the Primary Science Teaching Trust and Bristol ChemLabS. The fieldwork was supported by the FAPESP-University of Manchester SPRINT initiative (T.J.B., S.D.W., A.B., M.P., J.D.A., H.C. and C.J.P.). P.A. acknowledges funding from FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, 2017/17047-0 and 2023/04358-9). Y.J. was partly supported by grants from the DOE Plasma Science Center (DE-SC0020233), DOE BES (DE-AC0209CH11466), and the National Science Foundation (NSF-EFRI CBET-2029425). IMT Nord Europe (J.B.) acknowledges financial support from the Labex CaPPA project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR, contract ANR-11-LABX-0005-01) and the CPER ECRIN, financed by the Regional Council ‘Hauts-de-France’ and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This Article describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the Article do not necessarily represent the views of the USDOE or the United States Government. The Sandia authors own all right, title, and interests in and to the article and are solely responsible for its contents. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan https://www.energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan.