Published November 2025 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report. Volume 3: Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology

Abstract

Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region. The report describes the development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain—including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects—confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.

Copyright and License

© 2025, The Author(s). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 

Additional Information

The original online version of this article was revised: The Image Sources and Credits information section was missing from this article and should have read ‘The FCC Project formally acknowledges and credits all organisations and contributors whose data and imagery form part of the basemaps used in this work. These include © Esri, Airbus DS, FAO, FEMA, GSA, NASA, NGA, NOAA, USGS, CGIAR, NCEAS, Rijkswaterstaat, SITG – State of Geneva (CH), swisstopo, Facebook, Garmin, Geoland, Geodatastyrelsen, Google, Intermap, Maxar, Microsoft, N Robinson, NLS, NMA, OS, Planet, TomTom, as well as © OpenStreetMap contributors, Esri Community Maps contributors, and the GIS User Community.

Every effort has been made to correctly acknowledge all data providers and rights holders. Any omission is unintentional, and the FCC Project remains available to review and amend credits upon request from legitimate data owners.’

The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the author’s name Pramod Sharma was incorrectly written as Pramond Sharma.

S. Beuvier and M. Klein are deceased.

M. Benedikt is the Study Leader.

F. Zimmermann is the Deputy Study Leader.

B. Auchmann, W. Bartmann, J.P. Burnet, C. Carli, A. Chancé, P. Craievich, M. Giovannozzi, C. Grojean, J. Gutleber, K. Hanke, A. Henriques, P. Janot, C. Lourenço, M. Mangano, T. Otto, J. Poole, S. Rajagopalan, T. Raubenheimer, E. Todesco, L. Ulrici, T. Watson and G. Wilkinson are Editors.

Errata

  • Correction to this article was published on 02 March 2026: In this article the author’s name Pramod Sharma was incorrectly written as Pramond Sharma. The original article has been corrected.
  • Correction to this article was published on 19 November 2025: The Image Sources and Credits information section was missing from this article and should have read ‘The FCC Project formally acknowledges and credits all organisations and contributors whose data and imagery form part of the basemaps used in this work. These include © Esri, Airbus DS, FAO, FEMA, GSA, NASA, NGA, NOAA, USGS, CGIAR, NCEAS, Rijkswaterstaat, SITG – State of Geneva (CH), swisstopo, Facebook, Garmin, Geoland, Geodatastyrelsen, Google, Intermap, Maxar, Microsoft, N Robinson, NLS, NMA, OS, Planet, TomTom, as well as © OpenStreetMap contributors, Esri Community Maps contributors, and the GIS User Community.
  • This article has been updated

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Additional details

Related works

Funding

European Commission
951754
European Commission
654305
European Commission
764879
European Commission
730871
European Commission
777563
European Commission
101086276
European Commission
101004730
European Commission
101131435
European Commission
101131850
European Commission
312453
CERN

Dates

Available
2025-10-13
Version of record

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