Investigating the Blazar TXS 0506+056 through Sharp Multiwavelength Eyes During 2017–2019

Acciari, V. A.; Aniello, T.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arbet Engels, A.; Artero, M.; Asano, K.; Baack, D.; Babić, A.; Baquero, A.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Batković, I.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernardos, M.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bökenkamp, H.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak, Ž.; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Ceribella, G.; Cerruti, M.; Chai, Y.; Chilingarian, A.; Cikota, S.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Del Popolo, A.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Depaoli, D.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Do Souto Espiñeira, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fariña, L.; Fattorini, A.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; García López, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Green, J. G.; Green, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hoang, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hütten, M.; Inada, T.; Iotov, R.; Ishio, K.; Iwamura, Y.; Jiménez Martínez, I.; Jormanainen, J.; Jouvin, L.; Kerszberg, D.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Linhoff, L.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Maggio, C.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mannheim, K.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Mas Aguilar, A.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Mender, S.; Mićanović, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V.; Moretti, E.; Nakamori, T.; Nava, L.; Neustroev, V.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pavletić, L.; Peñil, P.; Persic, M.; Pihet, M.; Prada Moroni, P. G.; Prandini, E.; Priyadarshi, C.; Puljak, I.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Satalecka, K.; Saturni, F. G.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Šnidarić, I.; Sobczynska, D.; Spolon, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strišković, J.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Surić, T.; Takahashi, M.; Takeishi, R.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Tosti, L.; Truzzi, S.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vanzo, G.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Verguilov, V.; Viale, I.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Will, M.; Wunderlich, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Zarić, D.; Hodges, M.; Hovatta, T.; Kiehlmann, S.; Liodakis, I.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Pearson, T. J.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Reeves, R. A.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Tornikoski, M.; Tammi, J.; D'Ammando, F.; Marchini, A.; MAGIC Collaboration; OVRO Collaboration; Metsähovi Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac531d

Published March 10, 2022 | Version Accepted Version + Published

Journal Article Open

Investigating the Blazar TXS 0506+056 through Sharp Multiwavelength Eyes During 2017–2019

1. University of La Laguna
2. National Institute for Astrophysics
3. University of Udine
4. Max Planck Institute for Physics
5. Institute for High Energy Physics
6. University of Tokyo
7. TU Dortmund University
8. University of Zagreb
9. Complutense University of Madrid
10. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
11. University of Padua
12. University of Łódź
13. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
14. ETH Zurich
15. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
16. University of Pisa
17. University of Barcelona
18. Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
19. Alikhanyan National Laboratory
20. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
21. University of Bergen
22. Universität Innsbruck
23. University of Catania
24. Port d'Informació Científica
25. University of Turin
26. Polytechnic University of Bari
27. University of Rijeka
28. University of Würzburg
29. University of Turku
30. Ruhr University Bochum
31. Autonomous University of Barcelona
32. Hiroshima University
33. National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
34. University of Split
35. University of California, Berkeley
36. University of Osijek
37. Kyoto University
38. Tokai University
39. University of Trieste
40. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
41. Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
42. University of Siena
43. Yamagata University
44. University of Oulu
45. University of Bologna
46. Rudjer Boskovic Institute
47. INFN Sezione di Perugia
48. National Institute for Nuclear Physics
49. Konan University
50. California Institute of Technology
51. Aalto University
52. FORTH Institute of Astrophysics
53. University of Crete
54. University of Chile
55. University of Concepción
56. Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna

The blazar TXS 0506+056 got into the spotlight of the astrophysical community in 2017 September, when a high-energy neutrino detected by IceCube (IceCube-170922A) was associated at the 3σ level with a γ-ray flare from this source. This multi-messenger photon-neutrino association remains, as per today, the most significant association ever observed. TXS 0506+056 was a poorly studied object before the IceCube-170922A event. To better characterize its broadband emission, we organized a multiwavelength campaign lasting 16 months (2017 November to 2019 February), covering the radio band (Metsähovi, OVRO), the optical/UV (ASAS-SN, KVA, REM, Swift/UVOT), the X-rays (Swift/XRT, NuSTAR), the high-energy γ rays (Fermi/LAT), and the very high-energy (VHE) γ rays (MAGIC). In γ rays, the behavior of the source was significantly different from the behavior in 2017: MAGIC observations show the presence of flaring activity during 2018 December, while the source only shows an excess at the 4σ level during the rest of the campaign (74 hr of accumulated exposure); Fermi/LAT observations show several short (on a timescale of days to a week) flares, different from the long-term brightening of 2017. No significant flares are detected at lower energies. The radio light curve shows an increasing flux trend that is not seen in other wavelengths. We model the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions in a lepto-hadronic scenario, in which the hadronic emission emerges as Bethe-Heitler and pion-decay cascade in the X-rays and VHE γ rays. According to the model presented here, the 2018 December γ-ray flare was connected to a neutrino emission that was too brief and not bright enough to be detected by current neutrino instruments.

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© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2021 November 12; revised 2022 January 19; accepted 2022 February 5; published 2022 March 17. We would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF, MPG, and HGF; the Italian INFN and INAF; the Swiss National Fund SNF; the ERDF under the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (PID2019-104114RB-C31, PID2019-104114RB-C32, PID2019-104114RB-C33, PID2019-105510GB-C31,PID2019-107847RB-C41, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107847RB-C44, PID2019-107988GB-C22); the Indian Department of Atomic Energy; the Japanese ICRR, the University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT; the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-400/18.12.2020 and the Academy of Finland grant nr. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2017-0709, CEX2019-000920-S), the Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu" (CEX2019-000918-M, MDM-2015-0509-18-2) and by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya; by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02; by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3; the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382; and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ. E.P. acknowledges funding from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) through the "Dipartimenti di eccellenza" project Science of the universe. M.C. has received financial support through the Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship Programme from la Caixa Banking Foundation, grant No. LCF/BQ/LI18/11630012. This research has made use of data from the OVRO 40 m monitoring program, which was supported in part by NASA grants NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G, and NNX14AQ89G, and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911, and private funding from Caltech and the MPIfR. This publication makes use of data obtained at Metsähovi Radio Observatory, operated by Aalto University in Finland. The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for their comments that improved the present manuscript. Facilities: MAGIC - Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov Telescope, Fermi/LAT - , NuSTAR - , Swift - , KVA - , REM - , ASAS-SN - , Metsähovi - , OVRO -

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Additional details

Alternative title: Investigating the blazar TXS 0506+056 through sharp multi-wavelength eyes during 2017-2019

Eprint ID: 113949
Resolver ID: CaltechAUTHORS:20220317-376467000

Describes: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.02600 (URL)

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
Max Planck Society
Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-104114RB-C31
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-104114RB-C32
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-104114RB-C33
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-105510GB-C31
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-107847RB-C41
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-107847RB-C42
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-107847RB-C44
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
PID2019-107988GB-C22
Department of Atomic Energy (India)
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
University of Tokyo
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria)
Academy of Finland
DO1-400/18.12.2020
Academy of Finland
320045
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
SEV-2016-0588
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
SEV-2017-0709
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
CEX2019-000920-S
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
CEX2019-000918-M
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
MDM-2015-0509-18-2
Generalitat de Catalunya
Croatian Science Foundation
IP-2016-06-9782
University of Rijeka
13.12.1.3.02
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
SFB823/C4
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
SFB876/C3
National Science Centre (Poland)
UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnolgia, Inovação e Comunicações
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
La Caixa Foundation
LCF/BQ/LI18/11630012
NASA
NNX08AW31G
NASA
NNX11A043G
NASA
NNX14AQ89G
NSF
AST-0808050
NSF
AST-1109911
Caltech
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR)

Created: 2022-03-18

Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated: 2023-03-16

Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech groups: Astronomy Department , Owens Valley Radio Observatory

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Investigating the Blazar TXS 0506+056 through Sharp Multiwavelength Eyes During 2017–2019

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